Fig. 1. Model simulation of the source locations and descending pathways of dense water.

Surface water mass transformation across σ₁ = 32.57 kg/m³ is shown in red colors. Bottom speed is shown in green colors in the descending pathways of dense water (where bottom density σ₄ >46.105 kg/m³). Blue background shading shows bathymetry deeper than 4000 m. The black line represents the 1000-m isobath contour.