Table 1.
Nanomaterial | Virus | Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Graphene oxide | Respiratory syncytial virus | Directly inactivate virus and inhibit attachment | [86] |
Nanogel | PRRSV | Shield attachment and penetration | [64] |
Silver nanoparticle | Herpesvirus | Affect viral attachment | [63] |
Graphene oxide | Herpesvirus | Attachment inhibition | [87] |
gold nanoparticles | Herpesvirus | Prevent viral attachment and penetration | [71] |
Nano‑carbon | Herpesvirus | Inhibit virus entry at the early stage | [123] |
Silicon nanoparticles | Influenza A | Reduce the amount of progeny virus | [124] |
Ag2S nanoclusters | Coronavirus | Block viral RNA synthesis and budding | [44] |
Gd2O3:Tb3+/Er3+ nanoparticles | Zika virus | As antigen microcarriers for Zk2 peptide of ZIKV | [112] |
Copper oxide nanoparticles | Herpes simplex virus type 1 | Oxidation of viral proteins and degradation of viral genome | [114] |
NiO nanostructures |
Cucumber mosaic virus | Increase the expression of pod, pr1 and pal1 genes |
[116] |
Zirconia nanoparticles | H5N1 influenza virus | Promote the expression of cytokines | [117] |
Zinc oxide nanoparticles | H1N1 influenza virus | Inhibit virus only after viral entry into host cells |
[118] |