TABLE 4:

Studies Supportive of a Delay in Dementia Onset

Bialystok E, et al. 2007 [13]	Canada; 184 Patients with dementia, 51% bilingual which showed dementia symptoms 4–5 years later than monolinguals.
Craik FI, et al.2010 [14]	Canada: follow-up of the above study; 211 new patients with probable AD, bilinguals (n=102) were diagnosed 4.3 years later + symptom onset 5.1 years later than monolinguals (n=109).
Zheng Y, et al. 2018 [15]	China; Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals was older at AD onset, and older at first clinic visit than monolinguals.
Alladi S, et al. 2016, 2017 [17,18]	India; bilinguals(n=390) developed clinical dementia 4.5 years later, delay in post-stroke cognitive impairment and bvFTD (but not other forms of FTLD or PSP) than monolinguals (n=257).
Woumans E, et al. 2015 [19]	Belgium; 134 patients with probable AD, bilinguals (n=69) had first symptoms (4.6 years) and diagnosis (4.8 years) later after controlling for demographics.