Table 2.

Diagnostic characters of Hypoxylon rubiginosumsensu stricto and closely related species.

Taxon	Stromatal shape	Stromatal surface	KOH-extractable pigments	Ascospores (µm)	Germ slit	Host	Known distribution	Anamorph	Secondary metabolites*
Hypoxylon canariense	effused to effused-pulvinate	Fulvous, Dark Brick, Dark Vinaceous	Orange to Sienna	9.5–11.5 × 4.5–5	straight	Erica, Ocotea, Laurus, Persea	Spain (Canary Islands)	virgariella-like	Rubiginosins A–C, mitorubrinol acetate
Hypoxylon carneum	Effused-pulvinate	Dark purple, Dark vinaceous	Livid violet, absent in old stromata	(7.5–)8–11.5 × 4.5–5	straight	Various angiosperm hosts including Fraxinus	probably cosmopolitan but rare	sporothrix-like	Carneic acids A and B, BNT
Hypoxylon cercidicola	discoid	Dark brick to Sepia	Orange	(9–)9.5–12 × 5–6	straight to slightly sigmoid	Fraxinus	Europe and North America	unknown	Mitorubrin, rubiginosin A and C
Hypoxylon guilanense	hemispherical to pulvinate	Sienna, Umber to Buff	Orange	12–15 × 5–6	straight	Quercus	Iran	unknown	Rubiginosin A, mitorubrinol acetate
Hypoxylon lusitanicum	effused	Brown Vinaceous	Sienna	11–13.5 × 5–7	straight	Rhamnus	Portugal	unknown	Rubiginosins A and C, rutilin A
Hypoxylon petriniae	irregularly effused	Lilac, Vinaceous to Brown Vinaceous	Orange to Rust	8–11.5(–13) × 4.8–6	straight	Fraxinus (mostly); Acer, Salicaceae	Western and Central Europe	virgariella-like	Rubiginosin A, BNT
Hypoxylon retpela	effused-pulvinate	Livid Vinaceous, Brown Vinaceous,	Orange or Scarlet	(9–)9.5–12 × 4.5–5	straight or slightly sigmoid	unknown	Southeast and East Asia, New Guinea	nodulisporium-like	Mitorubrinol acetate, unknown rubiginosins
Hypoxylon rubiginosum	effused-pulvinate	Dark Brick, Brown Vinaceous	Orange	9–13 × 4–5.5	straight	Various angiosperm hosts including Fraxinus	Europe, North America	nodulisporium-like	Mitorubrin, rubiginosin A–C, rubiginosic acid, daldinin C
Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosum (GUM 1587)	pulvinate to effused-pulvinate	Luteous, Orange to Ochraceous	Orange	8–10 (–11) × (3–) 4–4.5 (–5)	straight to slightly sigmoid	Quercus	Iran	virgariella-like	like H. rubiginosum
Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosum (GUM 1588)	pulvinate	Orange to Apricot	Orange	10–15 × 5–6.5	straight to slightly sigmoid	unknown	Iran	not observed-	like H. rubiginosum
Hypoxylon salicicola	effused	Dark rust to Sepia, Brown Vinaceous	Fulvous to Rust	7.2–9.6 × 3–4.2	straight	Salix, rarely on Fraxinus and Prunus	Northern Europe, USA	nodulisporium-like	Mitorubrinol acetate
Hypoxylon texense	effused to effused-pulvinate	Livid Vinaceous to Brown Vinaceous	Rust to Dark Brick	9.1–10.8(–11.5) × (4.0–)4.5–5.4(–5.7)	straight or slightly sigmoid	unknown	USA	nodulisporium to virgariella-like	Rubiginosin A, mitorubrinol acetate, unknown rubiginosins
Hypoxylon urriesii	effused	Dark Brick	Orange	11–14.5 × 5–6	straight or slightly sigmoid	unknown	Spain (Canary Islands)	unknown	Mitorubrinol acetate, rubiginosin A