Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants.
| Baseline characteristics | Sulfonylurea (n = 32) |
SGLT2 inhibitor (n = 29) |
P values |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (years) | 64.9 ± 8.60 | 63.9 ± 9.18 | 0.64 |
| Male sex [n (%)] | 22 (68.8) | 24 (82.8) | 0.20 |
| Body weight (kg) | 69.5 ± 11.0 | 73.0 ± 14.8 | 0.30 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.0 (24.3–27.9) | 26.3 (24.3–28.0) | 0.98 |
| Currently smoking [n (%)] | 3 (9.38) | 7 (24.1) | 0.17 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.3 ± 14.0 | 127.8 ± 15.4 | 0.71 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.6 ± 10.1 | 76.3 ± 11.3 | 0.33 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 7.58 (3.39–14.1) | 7.58 (4.00–12.6) | 0.83 |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||
| History of ACSa [n (%)] | 13 (40.6) | 16 (55.2) | 0.26 |
| History of AMI [n (%)] | 9 (28.1) | 8 (27.6) | 0.96 |
| Multi-vessel CAD [n (%)] | 22 (68.8) | 23 (79.3) | 0.35 |
| PTCA [n (%)] | 23 (71.9) | 18 (62.1) | 0.42 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft [n (%)] | 3 (9.38) | 3 (10.3) | >0.99 |
| Gluco-metabolic indices | |||
| HbA1C (%) | 7.25 (6.75–8.00) | 6.90 (6.45–7.80) | 0.25 |
| Glycated albumin (%) | 17.4 (15.7–21.0) | 17.2 (15.3–19.9) | 0.50 |
| Fasting serum glucose (mg/dL) | 139.0 (127.8–171.5) | 128.0 (123.5–147.0) | 0.05 |
| Fasting serum BHB (mM) | 0.07 ± 0.07 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.21 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 4.96 ± 1.43 | 4.75 ± 1.19 | 0.54 |
| AST (IU/L) | 24.0 (19.3–33.0) | 22.0 (19.5–29.0) | 0.41 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 24.0 (19.0–34.0) | 27.0 (18.5–35.0) | 0.60 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 139.0 (118.5–158.0) | 133.0 (117.5–147.0) | 0.30 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 126.5 (101.3–183.5) | 143.0 (104.0–188.0) | 0.76 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 43.6 ± 10.2 | 42.0 ± 9.77 | 0.54 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 65.2 (43.2–75.2) | 63.4 (47.4–71.2) | 0.40 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.85 (0.73–1.00) | 0.84 (0.77–0.92) | 0.61 |
| eGFR CKD-EPI (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 86.0 (74.8–94.5) | 92.0 (83.0–98.5) | 0.08 |
| Insulin secretory/resistant indices | |||
| Fasting serum insulin (µU/mL) | 9.60 (7.36–16.8) | 8.09 (5.31–11.9) | 0.08 |
| Fasting serum FFA (μEq/L) | 426.5 (351.5–527.0) | 412.0 (284.0–517.0) | 0.41 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.89 (2.32–7.42) | 2.72 (1.74–4.40) | 0.05 |
| QUICKI | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 0.05 |
| HOMA-β (%) | 46.2 (29.8–92.4) | 48.7 (27.6–55.5) | 0.42 |
| Drug use | |||
| Antiplatelet/anticoagulant agents [n (%)] | 30 (93.8) | 27 (93.1) | >0.99 |
| Statin [n (%)] | 29 (90.6) | 27 (93.1) | >0.99 |
| Fibrate [n (%)] | 3 (9.38) | 4 (13.8) | 0.70 |
| ACE inhibitor/ARB [n (%)] | 20 (62.5) | 18 (62.1) | 0.97 |
| Diuretics [n (%)] | 4 (12.5) | 2 (6.90) | 0.67 |
| Calcium channel blockers [n (%)] | 6 (18.8) | 4 (13.8) | 0.74 |
| Beta blockers [n (%)] | 22 (68.8) | 15 (51.7) | 0.17 |
| Metformin [n (%)] | 31 (96.9) | 26 (89.7) | 0.34 |
Mann–Whitney U or two-sample Student’s t test for continuous variables and a Pearson χ2 test for categorical variables; continuous variables are described as mean ± SD for parametric variables and as median (interquartile range) for non-parametric variables. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ACS acute coronary syndrome, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AMI acute myocardial infarction, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, AST aspartate aminotransferase, BHB β-hydroxybutyrate, BMI body mass index, CAD coronary artery disease, CKD-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, FFA free fatty acid, HbA1C glycated hemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-β homeostatic model assessment of pancreatic β-cell function, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, LDL low-density lipoprotein, n number of patients, PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, QUICKI quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, SD standard deviation, SGLT2 sodium–glucose cotransporter 2.
aHistory of AMI or unstable angina.