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. 2020 May 1;11:2129. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15993-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Surface potential of TiO₂ and Li-TiO₂ in dark and under light illumination (380 nm) measured by KPFM. b Electronic conductivity measured by Cycle voltammetry (CV) scanning at the rate of 50 mV s⁻¹ for three circles. The log I–V curves instead of I–V curves are plotted for TiO₂ (black) and Li-TiO₂ (red). Green dotted lines represent the symmetric V_i of TiO₂ (left) and Li-TiO₂ (right), respectively.