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. 2019 Mar 25;44(3):475–482. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.03.001

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

PPD promotes the proliferation of NSCs. The proliferation of NSCs mediated by PPD was determined by CCK-8 assay (A), EdU assay (B, C), and neurosphere assay (D–F). (A) NSCs were treated with different concentrations of PPD (10 μM, 20 μM, 40 μM) for 1, 2, or 3 days, and cell viability was determined by CCK-8 assay. (B–C) The EdU assay was performed to reveal NSC proliferation after induced by PPD for 3 days. (B) The immunofluorescent staining of EdU-positive cells (EdU: staining in red; Hoechst 33342: staining in blue). Scale bars: 100 μm. (C) The percentage of EdU-positive cells was significantly increased. After treatment with PPD for 3 days, cell viability was significantly enhanced. The number and diameter of neurospheres (diameter > 30 μm) was determined after treatment with PPD for 3 days, and the results are shown in D–F. (D) The image showing neurospheres induced by PPD. Scale bars: 100 μm. (E) The number of neurospheres was significantly increased by PPD in a dose-dependent manner. (F) The diameter of neurospheres was significantly and dose-dependently increased by PPD. Data represent the means ± SD. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, compared with the Ctr group; aap < 0.01, compared with the 10 μM PPD group. PPD, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol; NSC, neural stem cell; CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; EdU, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine; Ctr, control; SD, standard deviation.