Table 2.
SMARTER participant characteristics in each activity
| Participant characteristics (n[%]) | Crowd-voting | Focus group | Delphi survey | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 38 | 39 | 74 | |
| Age (mean [SDa])b | 74.03 (3.81) | 75.14 (4.29) | 77.19 (6.13) | 0.03 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 18 (50%) | 27 (71%) | 44 (61%) | |
| Not reported | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| Racec | 0.18 | |||
| Black or African American | 2 (6%) | 9 (26%) | 8 (11%) | |
| Native American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Asian | 2 (6%) | 3 (9%) | 2 (3%) | |
| White | 30 (83%) | 22 (65%) | 60 (83%) | |
| Other | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (3%) | |
| Multiple races | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Not reported | 2 | 5 | 2 | |
| Hispanic ethnicity | 0.45 | |||
| Hispanic | 0 (0%) | 1 (3%) | 4 (6%) | |
| Not reported | 3 | 5 | 3 | |
| Educationd | 0.04 | |||
| Less than high school graduate | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | |
| High school graduate or obtained general equivalent diploma | 1 (3%) | 4 (11%) | 8 (11%) | |
| Associate’s degree | 1 (3%) | 3 () | 6 (8%) | |
| Some college | 6 (16%) | 8 (21%) | 19 (26%) | |
| Four-year college graduate | 10 (27%) | 10 (26%) | 15 (20%) | |
| Professional or graduate degree | 19 (51%) | 13 (34%) | 25 (34%) | |
| Not reported | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| Marital statuse | 0.77 | |||
| Married | 20 (54%) | 17 (46%) | 38 (51%) | |
| Living with partner | 1 (3%) | 3 (8%) | 2 (3%) | |
| Divorced | 6 (16%) | 8 (22) | 11 (15%) | |
| Separated | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Never married | 1 (3%) | 1 (3%) | 2 (3%) | |
| Widowed | 8 (22%) | 8 (22%) | 21 (28%) | |
| Not reported | 1 | 2 | 0 | |
| How long has low back pain been an ongoing problem for you?f | 0.11 | |||
| 3–6 months | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | |
| 6 months-1 year | 0 (0%) | 2 (5%) | 2 (3%) | |
| 1–5 years | 9 (24%) | 13 (34%) | 30 (43%) | |
| More than 5 years | 28 (74%) | 23 (61%) | 37 (53%) | |
| Not reported | 0 | 1 | 4 | |
| How often has low back pain been an ongoing problem for you over the past 6 months?g | 0.60 | |||
| Less than half the days in the past 6 months | 21 (55%) | 14 (37%) | 34 (47%) | |
| At least half the days in the past 6 months | 6 (16%) | 10 (26%) | 15 (21%) | |
| Every day or nearly every day in the past 6 months | 11 (29%) | 14 (37%) | 23 (32%) | |
| Not reported | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| In the past 7 days, how would you rate your low back pain on average? (mean [SD]) | 3.9 (1.82) | 4.8 (2.33) | 4.2 (2.13) | 0.21 |
Notes: a) SD = standard deviation; b) 1 participant in the Delphi survey and 2 participants in the focus group activity were missing data on age; c) p-value for race determined from Chi-square test of white or Caucasian vs. any other race; d) p-value for education determined from Chi-square test of four-year college graduate or more vs. less than four-year college graduate; e) p-value for marital status determined from Chi-square test of married vs. any other status; f) p-value for “how long has low back pain been an ongoing problem for you?” determined from Chi-square test of more than 5 years vs. any other status; g) p-value for “how often has low back pain been an ongoing problem for you over the past 6 months?” determined from Chi-square test of all categories