Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics According to Quartiles of Longitudinal Strain
| Overall (n = 219) | LS Quartile 1 (n = 55) | LS Quartile 2 (n = 55) | LS Quartile 3 (n = 55) | LS Quartile 4 (n = 54) | p Value for Trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Longitudinal strain, % | −14.6 ± 3.3 | −26.5 to −16.5 | −16.4 to −14.8 | −14.8 to −12.3 | −12.2 to −7.4 | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Age | 72 (66–78) | 70 (66–76) | 74 (70–80) | 73 (66–79) | 70 (60–78) | 0.226 |
| Female | 61 | 67 | 53 | 64 | 59 | 0.86 |
| White race | 83 | 93 | 85 | 89 | 65 | <0.001 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Hypertension | 90 | 91 | 93 | 95 | 90 | 0.97 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 34 | 33 | 33 | 24 | 48 | 0.22 |
| Renal disease, eGFR<60 ml/kg/1.73 m2 | 37 | 38 | 36 | 45 | 28 | 0.51 |
| Coronary heart disease | 42 | 27 | 51 | 47 | 44 | 0.11 |
| Prior MI | 19 | 13 | 27 | 16 | 21 | 0.55 |
| Prior HF hospitalization | 50 | 36 | 49 | 53 | 63 | 0.006 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 136 (128–145) | 139 (127–146) | 139 (130–147) | 136 (124–150) | 132 (128–140) | 0.46 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 80 (71–84) | 75 (68–85) | 78 (73–85) | 80 (72–82) | 80 (75–82) | 0.12 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.7 (26.1–33.6) | 30.9 (27.2–34.0) | 29.1 (25.8–32.9) | 29.8 (26.1–36.8) | 27.5 (24.6–31.7) | 0.03 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.85 (1.68–2.00) | 1.90 (1.72–2.03) | 1.85 (1.73–1.96) | 1.83 (1.70–2.07) | 1.75 (1.61–1.95) | 0.022 |
| Electrocardiogram | ||||||
| Heart rate, beats/min | 66 (60–75) | 62 (58–73) | 64 (55–74) | 68 (60–75) | 71 (64–81) | 0.001 |
| LBBB | 5 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 9 | 0.06 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 29 | 35 | 35 | 24 | 22 | 0.08 |
| Biomarkers | ||||||
| NT-proBNP, pg/ml | 894 (526–1,457) | 771 (419–1,036) | 946 (540–1,454) | 999 (582–1,615) | 941 (663–2,119) | 0.005 |
| Echocardiographic characteristics | ||||||
| LV structure | ||||||
| LVEDVi, ml/m2 | 58.4 (50.5–67.9) | 55.4 (49.4–64.8) | 58.6 (50.5–73.0) | 57.4 (50.8–66.3) | 63.3 (54.6–72.7) | 0.034 |
| LVESVi, ml/m2 | 23.2 (19.1–29.6) | 20.5 (16.8–24.6) | 22.8 (19.9–30.6) | 24.5 (18.1–28.8) | 28.7 (22.4–34.3) | <0.001 |
| RWT | 0.37 (0.33–0.40) | 0.37 (0.34–0.41) | 0.37 (0.33–0.42) | 0.36 (0.32–0.40) | 0.36 (0.32–0.40) | 0.12 |
| LVMi, g/m2 | 74.1 (63.2–90.7) | 71.0 (60.0–85.8) | 75.4 (62.3–95.1) | 73.0 (63.2–84.5) | 81.1 (66.8–96.0) | 0.036 |
| Concentric remodeling, % | 13 | 15 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 0.92 |
| Concentric hypertrophy, % | 8 | 9 | 13 | 4 | 6 | 0.24 |
| Eccentric hypertrophy, % | 7 | 4 | 11 | 4 | 10 | 0.51 |
| Systolic function | ||||||
| LVEF, % | 59.2 (53.7–63.6) | 63.3 (58.9–67.0) | 59.8 (54.1–62.2) | 58.1 (53.5–62.7) | 54.0 (49.6–59.3) | <0.001 |
| LVEF <50% | 11 | 0 | 5 | 11 | 26 | <0.001 |
| LVEF 50% –55% | 22 | 11 | 20 | 22 | 34 | 0.005 |
| LVEF >55% | 68 | 89 | 75 | 67 | 40 | <0.001 |
| LV stroke volume, ml | 61.4 (52.6–76.5) | 66.4 (53.7–82.9) | 67.7 (54.6–79.7) | 60.5 (51.9–71.7) | 59.2 (50.3–71.2) | 0.003 |
| S’ mean, cm/s | 6.29 (5.24–7.21) | 6.51 (5.86–7.66) | 6.34 (5.33–7.04) | 5.61 (4.96–6.69) | 6.25 (4.88–7.24) | 0.009 |
| Diastolic function | ||||||
| E’ lateral, cm/s | 7.4 (5.4–9.0) | 7.3 (5.2–9.4) | 7.4 (5.8–8.9) | 7.1 (5.3–8.8) | 7.5 (5.4–9.2) | 0.94 |
| E’ septal, cm/s | 5.3 (4.2–6.8) | 5.4 (4.4–6.6) | 5.2 (4.5–6.8) | 5.2 (4.0–7.4) | 5.4 (4.2–6.8) | 0.64 |
| E/E’ ratio (septal) | 14.7 (11.5–18.8) | 15.7 (12.1–19.1) | 14.2 (11.1–18.1) | 14.2 (11.4–20.1) | 15.3 (11.5–22.6) | 0.84 |
| LAVi, ml/m2 | 33.9 (26.8–43.0) | 34.2 (27.9–45.0) | 35.1 (28.1–44.7) | 31.5 (24.0–41.2) | 34.1 (27.4–40.5) | 0.49 |
Values are mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or n. The p value for trend across quartiles of longitudinal strain (LS) is averaged from apical 4- and 2-chamber views.
BP = blood pressure; E/E’ ratio = mitral inflow to mitral relaxation velocity ratio; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; E’ lateral = lateral mitral relaxation velocity; E’ septal = septal mitral relaxation velocity; HF = heartfailure; LAVi = left atrial volume index; LBBB = left bundle branch block; LVEDVi = leftventricularend-diastolicvolume index; LVEF = leftventricularejection fraction; LVESVi = left ventricular end-systolic volume index; LVMi = left ventricular mass index; MI = myocardial infarction; NT-proBNP = N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; RWT = relative wall thickness.