Table 2.

Percentage of Patients With Abnormal Strain^*

	Controls	HHD	HFpEF Overall	HFpEF by LVEF Category			p Value (HHD vs. Control)	p Value (HFpEF vs. Control)	p Value (HFpEF vs. HHD)
				EF <50%	EF 50%–55%	EF>55%
Longitudinal strain	n = 50	n = 44	n = 219	n = 23	n = 47	n = 149
Mean ± SD, %	−20.0 ± 2.1	−17.07 ± 2.04	−14.6 ± 3.3	11.5 ± 2.5	−13.5 ± 3.1	−16.6 ± 3.5	<0.0001	<0.0001†	<0.0001
Percent abnormal
>1 SD below normal (−17.9)		61.4%	71%	100%	92%	64%
>2 SD below normal (−15.8)		29.6%	54.3%	100%	81%	43%
Circumferential strain	n = 50	n = 41	n = 146	n = 14	n = 35	142
Mean ± SD, %	−27.1 ± 3.1	−30.1 ± 3.5	−22.9 ± 5.9	16.9 ± 4.0	−21.0 ± 4.1	−25.3.5 ± 4	<0.0001	<0.0001†	<0.0001
Percent abnormal
>1 SD below normal (−24)		2.4%	51%	100%	71%	42%
>2 SD below normal (−20.9)		0%	31%	79%	54%	20%

^*> 1 or 2 standard deviations from the mean value for normal controls.

^†p < 0.001 when adjusted for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).

EF = ejection fraction; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HHD = hypertensive heart disease.