Table 3.
Baseline Characteristics According to Quartiles of Circumferential Strain
| Overall (n = 146) | CS Quartile 1 (n = 37) | CS Quartile 2 (n = 36) | CS Quartile 3 (n = 38) | CS Quartile 4 (n = 35) | p Value for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Circumferential strain, % | −22.9 ± 5.9 | −40.9 to −25.9 | −25.9 to −22.1 | −22.1 to −18.9 | −18.9 to −11.1 | |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Age | 73 (66–79) | 74 (67–78) | 71 (64–79) | 74 (66–78) | 72 (66–79) | 0.71 |
| Female | 62 | 59 | 75 | 63 | 49 | 0.24 |
| White race | 84 | 92 | 75 | 84 | 83 | 0.51 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Hypertension | 90 | 95 | 89 | 89 | 88 | 0.40 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 37 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 41 | 0.61 |
| Renal disease, eGFR<60 ml/kg/1.73 m2 | 35 | 39 | 19 | 38 | 43 | 0.40 |
| Coronary heart disease | 38 | 30 | 25 | 40 | 59 | 0.006 |
| Prior MI | 17 | 5 | 17 | 16 | 32 | 0.005 |
| Prior HF hospitalization | 51 | 27 | 53 | 58 | 66 | 0.001 |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 134 (127–144) | 140 (132–147) | 135 (130–150) | 127 (120–140) | 133 (128–140) | 0.03 |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 80 (70–84) | 78 (74–85) | 80 (70–88) | 78 (70–80) | 79 (70–83) | 0.88 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.9 (25.8–33.6) | 30.0 (26.5–34.0) | 28.4 (24.3–32.0) | 30.9 (26.3–34.5) | 30.1 (25.6–32.7) | 0.81 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.86 (1.68–2.02) | 1.94 (1.72–2.09) | 1.75 (1.67–1.95) | 1.85 (1.75–1.99) | 1.88 (1.66–2.03) | 0.74 |
| Electrocardiogram | ||||||
| Heart rate, beats/min | 66 (60–75) | 63 (59–72) | 69 (61–77) | 67 (60–75) | 68 (60–75) | 0.14 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 32 | 30 | 39 | 29 | 31 | 0.89 |
| Biomarkers | ||||||
| NT- proBNP, pg/ml | 945 (513–1,561) | 1,036 (540–1,834) | 833 (457–1,495) | 836 (482–1,459) | 951 (726–1,796) | 0.86 |
| Echocardiographic characteristics | ||||||
| LV structure | ||||||
| LVEDVi, ml/m2 | 58.4 (50.7–67.6) | 56.5 (49.6–65.1) | 58.3 (53.5–68.2) | 58.4 (47.9–66.0) | 61.5 (50.9–73.8) | 0.48 |
| LVESVi, ml/m2 | 22.9 (19.0–29.4) | 20.3 (16.6–24.9) | 24.1 (20.0–30.8) | 22.6 (19.0–28.9) | 28.2 (22.1–35.1) | 0.001 |
| RWT | 0.36 (0.33–0.41) | 0.37 (0.35–0.43) | 0.39 (0.34–0.42) | 0.35 (0.33–0.40) | 0.34 (0.32–0.39) | 0.016 |
| LVMi, g/m2 | 73.8 (62.1–90.6) | 73.8 (58.3–91.8) | 73.6 (63.3–86.5) | 71.8 (62.2–90.6) | 75.0 (65.1–90.7) | 0.79 |
| Concentric remodeling, % | 15 | 14 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 0.53 |
| Concentric hypertrophy, % | 8 | 14 | 6 | 3 | 9 | 0.37 |
| Eccentric hypertrophy, % | 7 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 6 | 0.83 |
| Systolic function | ||||||
| LVEF, % | 59.9 (53.7–64.1) | 63.1 (60.5–67.1) | 59.1 (54.3–64.3) | 59.3 (53.3–62.6) | 54.2 (49.6–60.3) | <0.001 |
| LVEF <50% | 8 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 27 | <0.001 |
| LVEF 50%–55% | 24 | 11 | 20 | 32 | 33 | 0.014 |
| LVEF >55% | 68 | 89 | 74 | 65 | 39 | <0.001 |
| LV stroke volume, ml | 61.1 (52.1–78.4) | 68.3 (57.7–85.2) | 59.7 (55.1–73.1) | 61.5 (51.1, 73.2) | 56.6 (47.6, 75.7) | 0.02 |
| S’ mean, cm/s | 6.17 (5.21–7.07) | 6.22 (5.49–7.30) | 6.11 (5.24–6.91) | 6.49 (5.24, 7.21) | 5.83 (4.89, 7.35) | 0.40 |
| Diastolic function | ||||||
| E’ lateral, cm/s | 7.1 (5.1–8.8) | 7.0 (5.4–8.7) | 7.0 (4.6–10.2) | 7.2 (5.2–8.3) | 7.4 (5.4–9.4) | 0.70 |
| E’ septal, cm/s | 5.3 (4.2–7.1) | 5.3 (4.3–6.3) | 5.2 (4.2–7.4) | 5.1 (4.2–7.1) | 6.0 (4.0–7.6) | 0.88 |
| E/E’ ratio (septal) | 14.8 (11.7–19.1) | 14.2 (11.2–18.3) | 13.8 (11.4–19.0) | 15.8 (13.1–22.4) | 14.2 (11.7–19.0) | 0.55 |
| LAVi, ml/m2 | 34.4 (27.7–44.1) | 33.7 (28.8–45.0) | 38.2 (28.1–46.8) | 36.5 (28.4–40.9) | 33.4 (24.4–44.1) | 0.60 |
Values are mean ± SD, median (interquartile range), or n. The p value for trend across quartiles of CS (circumferential strain) is from the parasternal short-axis view.
Abbreviations as in Table 1.