TABLE III.

Neuromodulators assessed in guinea pig hearing loss models.

Drugs	Target	Effect	Reference
Glutamate antagonists
—	Glutamate	Attenuation of noise-induced TTS	Khan et al. (2000)
Kynurenate	AMPA	Protective effect on NIHL	Puel et al. (1998)
Caroverine	NMDA & AMPA	Reduction of hearing impairment in NIHL	Chen et al. (2003)
			Chen et al. (2004)
MK801	NMDA	Protection in amikacin-induced hearing loss	Duan et al. (2000)
Memantine	NMDA	Prevention of toxic damage to hair cells in amikacin-induced hearing loss	Pavlidis et al. (2014)
Kinase
D-JNKI-1	Blocking of MAPK-JNK signal pathway	Prevention in a dose-dependent manner of hair cell death and permanent hearing loss induced by neomycin after cochlear application	Wang et al. (2003b) see Eshraghi et al. (2007).
		Prevention of noise-induced permanent hearing loss by a direct cochlear application	Wang et al. (2003b)
		Prevention of hair cell death and PTS induced noise by RWM application	Wang et al. (2007b)
Caspase inhibitors
z-DEVD-fmk	caspase-3	Prevention of cisplatin-induced hearing loss by intracochlear treatment	Wang et al. (2004)
z-LEHD-fmk	caspase-9
z-VAD-FMK	caspase	Hearing recovery and reduction of hair cell loss after NIHL	Abaamrane et al. (2011)
Enzymes
MDL28170	gamma-secretase inhibitor	Protective effect on NIHL by direct delivery into the cochlear fluids	Tona et al. (2014)
Calpain inhibitors
BN82270	calpain	Prevention of hair cell degeneration induced by noise by application in cochlear fluids or onto the RWM	Wang et al. (2007a)
leupeptin	calpain	No effect after a gunshot noise-induced trauma by cochlear infusion	Abaamrane et al. (2011)
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
ORG 2766	ACTH analogue	Protection against hair cell loss and hearing loss induced by cisplatin	Hamers et al. (1994); Smoorenburg et al. (1999); Cardinaal et al. (2000)