TABLE V.

Anti-oxidant agents assessed in guinea pig hearing loss models.

Drugs	Effect	Reference
D-Methionine	Prevention of ABR and ATPase activities induced by cisplatin	Cheng et al. (2005)
	Attenuation of threshold shifts induced by gentamicin	Sha and Schacht (2000)
	Reduction of kanamycin-induced ototoxicity	Campbell et al. (2016)
	Rescuing noise-induced permanent threshold shift	Lo et al. (2013); Alagic et al. (2011); Cheng et al. (2008)
	For further details in several species, against cisplatin-, carboplatin-, aminoglycoside- and noise-induced hearing loss and hair cell loss	see Campbell et al. (2007)
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)	No protective effect on kanamycin-induced hearing loss, on the contrary, produced a more severe hearing loss and more severe cochlear damage	Bock et al. (1983)
	Preventive effect on cisplatin ototoxicity by NAC transtympanic administration	Choe et al. (2004)
	Otoprotection from cisplatin ototoxicity	Mohan et al. (2014)
	Protective effects on noise-induced hearing loss	Fetoni et al. (2009b)
Mitoquinone (MitoQ)	Prevention of ototoxicity induced by cisplatin	Tate et al. (2017)
	Attenuation of gentamicin-induced cochlear damage and hearing loss	Ojano-Dirain et al. (2014)
	Limited protection against amikacin-induced hearing loss and cochlear damage	Dirain et al. (2018)
NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (iNOS inhibitor)	Reduction of ABR threshold shifts induced by cisplatin	Watanabe et al. (2000)
	Reduction of noise-induced cochlear damage	Diao et al. (2007); Inai et al. (2012)
Aminoguanidine (iNOS inhibitor)	Prevention of hearing loss induced by gentamicin combined with furosemide	Liu et al. (2008).
Glutathione (GSH)	Attenuation of the progression of hearing loss and threshold shift induced by gentamicin, depending on nutritional status	Garetz et al. (1994); Lautermann et al. (1995a)
	Attenuation of hearing loss by GSH supplementation under low protein diet	Ohinata et al. (2000)
	Reduction of NIHL	Yamasoba et al. (1998)
Ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one)	Attenuation of noise-induced cochlear damage, by prevention of noise-induced excitotoxicity and threshold shift	Pourbakht and Yamasoba (2003); Yamasoba et al. (2005)
Sodium thiosulfate	Chemoprotectant against carboplatin-induced ototoxicity	Neuwelt et al. (1996); Muldoon et al. (2000)
	Complete prevention of cisplatin-induced hearing loss by local delivery into cochlea or middle ear	Wang et al. (2003a); Stocks et al. (2004); Berglin et al. (2011)
Alpha-tocopherol	Protective effects against gentamicin ototoxicity	Fetoni et al. (2003); Fetoni et al. (2004a)
	Protective effects against cisplatin ototoxicity	Fetoni et al. (2004b)
	Attenuation of noise induced cochlear damage	Hou et al. (2003)
Radical scavengers (Edaravone and Tempol)	Inconsistent effects on aminoglycoside-induced ototoxicity	Song and Schacht (1996)
	Protection of the cochleae from acoustic trauma	Takemoto et al. (2004) Tanaka et al. (2005) Minami et al. (2007)
Iron chelators	Complete functional and morphological protection from gentamicin ototoxicity	Song and Schacht (1996); Sha and Schacht (1997); Song et al. (1997); Sinswat et al. (2000)
	Protection against ototoxicity induced by neomycin, kanamycin and streptomycin	Conlon et al. (1998); Song et al. (1998)
	Attenuation of NIHL	Yamasoba et al. (1999b)
Salicylate	Reduction of auditory threshold shifts and protection of auditory sensory cells against gentamicin	Sha and Schacht (1999).
	Protection of the OHC against cisplatin ototoxicity at low doses	Hyppolito et al. (2006)
Allopurinol	Otoprotective effect after noise exposure	Franzé et al. (2003)
Idebenone, a coenzyme Q10 analogue	Reduction of threshold shifts, apoptotic activation and hair cell loss induced by noise	Sergi et al. (2006); Fetoni et al. (2008); Fetoni et al. (2009a)
Ferulic acid (4-hydroxy 3-methoxycinnamic acid)	Protective effect on PTS in NIHL	Fetoni et al. (2010); Fetoni et al. (2011)