Table 2.

Changes in PSA (Exposure) and Cholesterol (Control) Testing, By Policy Period, 2008–2016

	Eligible No.		PSA Screening (Exposure), %			Cholesterol Screening (Control), %			Adjusted Difference-in-Differences Estimate (95% CI), Percentage Points
Age Group	Pre-policy (Control; Exposed)	Post-policy (Control; Exposed)	Pre-policy	Post-policy	Unadjusted Difference (95% CI), Percentage Points	Pre-policy	Post-policy	Unadjusted Difference (95% CI), Percentage Points
Tertiary Academic Medical Center
All Men	18,559	78,281	17.8	10.7	−7.1	30.6	31.3	0.7	−8
	18,303	77,407			(−7.7 to −6.5)			(0.0 to 1.4)	(−8.9 to −7.1)
35–54	9,574	36,517	13.6	5.3	−8.3	32	28.1	−3.9	−4.8
	9,566	36,484			(−9.0 to −7.6)			(−4.9 to −2.9)	(−6.0 to −3.7)
55–74	6,556	32,756	26.5	17.1	−9.4	31.6	35.2	3.6	−13
	6,389	32,256			(−10.6 to −8.2)			(2.4 to 4.8)	(−14.7 to −11.4)
75+	2,429	9,008	10.8	9.8	−1	22.6	29.9	7.3	−8.5
	2,348	8,667			(−2.4 to 0.4)			(5.4 to 9.2)	(−11.0 to −6.1)
Optum 1% Sample
All Men	93,334	110,067	9.6	15.4	5.8	18.6	28	9.4	−3.6
					(5.5 to 6.1)			(9.0 to 9.8)	(−4.1 to −3.2)
35–54	49,571	46,359	7.6	10.7	3.1	18.3	25.6	7.3	−4.1
					(2.7 to 3.5)			(6.8 to 7.8)	(−4.8 to −3.5)
55–74	35,148	48,215	12.9	20.5	7.6	20.2	30.7	10.5	−2.8
					(7.1 to 8.1)			(9.9 to 11.1)	(−3.6 to −2.0)
75+	8,615	15,493	8.2	13.5	5.3	13.1	26.7	13.6	−8.2
					(4.5 to 6.1)			(12.6 to 14.6)	(−9.6 to −6.9)

Notes: All comparisons are between the pre-policy (2008–2011) and post-policy (2013–2016) periods in primary care. Time intervals were defined as calendar years and evaluated independently for patient-level eligibility. Adjusted difference-in-differences estimates are corrected for age, Charlson comorbidity, race, and insurance provider type for the academic center, while the Optum sample is corrected for age, race, and socioeconomic status (net worth). Charlson comorbidity and age were derived on an annual basis. CI, confidence interval. All p-values <0.001.