Table 1.
Businesses offering foods/drinks in two areas of New York City, USA, by ground observation and government records, 2015
| Businesses offering foods/drinks | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total food/drink-offering businesses | Restaurants* | Food stores† | Food/drink-offering ‘gov. OSB’‡ | Food/drink-offering ‘other OSB’§ | Food/drink-offering street vendors║ | |||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| On 154 street segments in the Bronx | ||||||||||||
| By ground observation | 307 | 100 | 104 | 33·9 | 80 | 26·1 | 42 | 13·7 | 60 | 19·5 | 21 | 6·8 |
| By government records¶ | 200 | 100 | 103 | 51·5 | 78 | 39·0 | 19 | 9·5 | N/A | – | N/A | – |
| Overlap between ground observation and government records | 114 | 100 | 66 | 57·9 | 35 | 30·7 | 13 | 11·4 | N/A | – | N/A | – |
| On 51 street segments in the UES | ||||||||||||
| By ground observation | 111 | 100 | 68 | 61·3 | 15 | 13·5 | 4 | 3·6 | 15 | 13·5 | 9 | 8·1 |
| By government records¶ | 109 | 100 | 95 | 87·2 | 12 | 11·0 | 2 | 1·8 | N/A | – | N/A | – |
| Overlap between ground observation and government records | 64 | 100 | 55 | 48·2 | 7 | 10·9 | 2 | 3·1 | N/A | – | N/A | – |
gov., government-recognized (i.e. included in government records); OSB, other storefront businesses (businesses not primarily focused on selling foods or drinks, but which nevertheless might offer them); UES, Upper East Side (part of Manhattan); N/A, not assessed.
Restaurants included bars and grills, cafés, ice-cream parlours, juice bars, pizzerias, and various other fast-food, take-out and table-service eateries.
Food stores included general grocers (e.g. supermarkets, grocery stores, convenience marts, bodegas) and specialty food stores (bakeries, butcher shops/meat markets, candy stores, fish markets, produce markets).
Food/drink-offering ‘gov. OSB’ included dollar stores, gas stations and pharmacies.
Food/drink-offering ‘other OSB’ were storefronts offering foods/drinks not in the government records. In the Bronx, these businesses included one or more accounting/tax office, auto repair shop, auto sales office, bank, barber shop/beauty salon, clothing store, department store, electronics shop, furniture store, gift shop, gym, hardware store, laundromat, liquor store, mobile phone store, money transfer outlet, music store, party-supply store, real estate office and vitamin store; in the UES, these businesses included one or more bank, clothing store, cookware outlet, liquor store, newsstand, sporting goods store, veterinary office and vitamin shop.
Street vendors were another kind of business not in the government records. Street vendors included a variety of mobile vendors (e.g. carts, trucks, vans, stands), most of which sold foods/drinks. The category could have also included farmers’ markets and flea markets; however, none were identified on sampled streets.
Government records included: (i) inspection records from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, applicable to the business category ‘restaurants’; and (ii) inspection records from the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, applicable to the business categories ‘food stores’ and ‘food/drink-offering gov. OSB’.