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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol. 2019 Nov 8;206(3):369–378. doi: 10.1007/s00359-019-01376-8

Figure 2: Incorporation of sex chromosomes and transcriptomics in sexual differentiation of the brain.

Figure 2:

In recent years it has become increasingly clear that sex chromosome complement in mammals (XX vs XY) is an important contributor to sex differences in brain and behavior. However because of the continuous presence of this modifier since the time of conception, it is difficult to attribute particular aspects of sex chromosome complement to the process of sexual differentiation. Future studies addressing convergence of sex chromosome effects and steroid hormones will be valuable in this regard. A second emerging concept is sex differences in the transcriptome, and in particular the potential for differences in networks as opposed to isolated gene expression.