Table 2.

Histologic results after control and modified valve implantation

	n	Mean fibrosis (μm)	Mean difference (μm)	Standard deviation (μm)	Median fibrosis (μm)	Range of values (μm)	p value
Fibrosis with H&E stain
Control	30	104.0	–	76.5	87.2	25.2–370.5
Hydrophilic coating	30	82.3	−21.7	35.9	74.9	30.3–195.9	0.077
Heparin coating	30	57.6	−46.4	32.3	54.2	16.1–178.3	0.002
Micro-patterned surface	29	71.4	−32.6	20.9	68.9	39.8–130.9	0.009
Total mean fibrosis = 78.9 (μm)
Fibrosis with trichrome stain
Control	30	82.1	–	40.2	73.7	21.5–217.3
Hydrophilic coating	30	85.1	3.0	46.7	79.0	18.6–211.4	0.807
Heparin coating	30	31.4	−50.7	15.6	29.1	7.6–70.3	< 0.001
Micro-patterned surface	30	53.2	−28.9	22.0	50.3	21.8–120.1	0.018
Total mean fibrosis = 62.9 (μm)
Fibrosis with α-smooth muscle actin
Control	30	85.1	–	71.5	76.4	17.7–329.8	–
Hydrophilic coating	30	85.1	0.0	44.3	75.9	28.3–240.0	0.998
Heparin coating	30	58.9	−26.2	52.8	46.6	10.8–308.5	0.033
Micro-patterned surface	30	66.5	−18.6	56.0	38.2	14.9–254.5	0.129
Total mean fibrosis = 73.9 (μm)
Net fibrosis by group
Control	90	90.4	–	65.3	82.9	17.7–370.5	–
Hydrophilic coating	90	84.2	−6.2	42.7	76.4	18.6–240.0	0.425
Heparin coating	90	49.3	−41.1	38.9	42.0	7.56–308.5	0.006
Micro-patterned surface	89	63.7	−26.7	37.9	56.0	14.9–254.5	0.003
Total mean fibrosis of all samples = 73.1 (μm)

One image was lost from the micro-patterned surface due to damaged tissue and therefore was excluded from analysis