Table 2.

Neuropsychiatric test and multiplex bead-based immunoassay of bone turnover markers in hemodialysis participants and reference control subjects.

	Hemodialysis participants (N = 251)	Reference control subjects (N = 37)	P
Neuropsychiatric test
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)	21 ± 6	25 ± 3	<0.001
Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI)	81 ± 17	90 ± 6	<0.001
(i) Long-term memory	9 ± 2	10 ± 0	0.051
(ii) Short-term memory	8 ± 3	9 ± 3	0.018
(iii) Attention	7 ± 2	8 ± 1	0.006
(iv) Mental manipulation	8 ± 3	9 ± 1	<0.001
(v) Orientation	16 ± 4	18 ± 1	0.037
(vi) Abstract thinking	8 ± 3	9 ± 2	0.022
(vii) Language	9 ± 2	10 ± 1	0.06
(viii) Spatial construction	8 ± 3	10 ± 1	<0.001
(ix) Name fluency	7 ± 3	8 ± 2	0.07
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)	11 ± 7	12 ± 7	0.54
Bone turnover markers
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) (ng/ml)	4.62 ± 5.34	2.65 ± 1.20	0.029
Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) (ng/ml)	1.17 ± 0.42	1.18 ± 0.31	0.99
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) (ng/ml)	1.05 ± 1.58	0.01 ± 0.003	<0.001
Leptin (ng/ml)	25.60 ± 22.29	9.86 ± 15.67	<0.001
Osteocalcin (OC) (ng/ml)	14.45 ± 12.93	2.56 ± 8.7	<0.001
Osteopontin (OPN) (ng/ml)	7.43 ± 10.66	2.89 ± 2.69	0.012
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) (ng/ml)	0.98 ± 0.50	0.28 ± 0.08	<0.001
Sclerostin (SOST) (ng/ml)	3.57 ± 1.40	1.97 ± 0.68	<0.001