Table 3.
Risk of bias and quality assessment of quasiexperiment study.
| Item | Yes/no/unclear/not applicable | |
|---|---|---|
| Wiswell et al. (2019) | Lee et al. (2017) | |
| 1. Is it clear in the study what is the “cause” and what is the “effect” (i.e., there is no confusion about which variable comes first)? | Yes | Yes |
| 2. Were the participants included in any comparisons similar? | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 3. Were the participants included in any comparisons receiving similar treatment/care, other than the exposure or intervention of interest? | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 4. Was there a control group? | No | No |
| 5. Were there multiple measurements of the outcome, both before and after the intervention/exposure? | Yes | Yes |
| 6. Was follow-up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow-up adequately described and analyzed? | Yes | Yes |
| 7. Were the outcomes of participants included in any comparisons measured in the same way? | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 8. Were outcomes measured in a reliable way? | Yes | Yes |
| 9. Was an appropriate statistical analysis used? | Yes | Yes |