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Schematic representation showing that melatonin regulates VSMC calcification through an AMPK/OPA1 signaling pathway. Melatonin activated AMPK expression, which in turn enhanced OPA1 and, subsequently, promoted mitochondrial fusion/mitophagy. Activation of mitochondrial fusion/mitophagy reduced apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and calcium deposition. These effects subsequently inhibited VSMC calcification.
