Table 4.
Chloroquine and its combination of drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19
| Study Particulars | Drugs | Dosage | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chloroquine (C) phosphate against pneumonia caused by COVID-19 but need confirmation through randomized trials | Chloroquine phosphate | Not specified | 15 |
| SARS-CoV-2 and blocked viral infection by increasing the endosomal pH required for viral fusion | Chloroquine | 1.13 μM at half maximal concentration | 27 (Nichol et al., 2020) |
| Chloroquine (C) and Hydroxychloroquine (HC) are under investigation in clinical trials for pre-exposure or post-exposure prophylaxis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and treatment of patients with mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 | Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine | Not specified | 8 |
| C and HC inhibit in vitro replication of viruses which envelope fuses with that of the acidified endosome. The in vitro antiviral activity of C and HC against SARS-CoV-2 reported | Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine | Not specified | 27 (Nichol et al., 2020); 43 (Liu et al., 2020) |
| Prescribing Hydroxychloroquine treatment on a large scale, and decided to perform a study aimed at demonstrating that HC is effective in vivo against SARS-CoV-2 | Hydroxychloroquine | Not specified | 31 (Parola et al., 2020) |
| Azithromycin–suggested to act in combination with C/HC against SARs-CoV-2 | Azithromycin + Chloroquine + Hydroxychloroquine | Not specified | 31 (Parola et al., 2020) |
| Two drugs, remdesivir and chloroquine phosphate, efficiently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro | Remdesivir + chloroquine phosphate | Not specified | 27 (Nichol et al., 2020) |
| COVID-19 pneumonia and without contraindications to chloroquine, be treated with 500 mg chloroquine twice a day for ten days | Chloroquine | 500 mg twice a day | 31 (Parola et al., 2020) |
| Hydroxychloroquine is recommended for high-risk COVID-19 cases | Hydroxychloroquine | Not specified | 32 (Hoffman et al., 2006) |
| HC and C demonstrated antiviral activity against SARS–CoV-2 in vitro and in small, poorly controlled or uncontrolled clinical studies | Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine | Not specified | 22 (Zhang et al., 2020) |
| Reducing symptom duration, exacerbation of pneumonia including radiological improvement and promoting virus-negative seroconversion without any severe side effects in COVID-19 | Chloroquine | Not specified | 23 (Yang et al., 2020) |