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. 2020 Apr 28;15:2957–2969. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S250993

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© 2020 Khosravi et al.

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Host cells usually release EVs in response to the environmental changes such as contact with parasites or their products. EVs contain DNA, messenger RNA, MicroRNA, proteins and lipids, and express MHC I and II. EVs are released via budding and vesicle cargo. EVs may affect the recipient cell through direct fusion, receptor–ligand interaction, as well as phagocytosis.

Abbreviations: EVs, extracellular vesicles; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; mRNA, messenger RNA; miRNA, micro RNA.