Table 2.
Targeted Diseases, Cytokine Profile, Cell Line and Animal Models Employed in Each Study
| No. | Helminths /Protozoa |
Parasite | Diseases | Cytokine/Chemokine | In vitro/Cell Line | In vivo/Host | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Helminths | F. hepatica | IBD | IL-17 (Dec) IL-6 (Dec) IL-10 (NC) TNFα (Dec) |
- | Female C57BL/6 mice | 40 |
| A. suum | Ascariasis | - | Murine macrophage cell line J774A.1 | - | 43 | ||
| H. polygyrus | Heligmosomoidesis | IL-10 (Dec) IL-33(Dec) IL-6 (Dec) CCL 17 (Dec) TNF (Dec) |
RAW246.7 macrophage cell line, MODE-K (small intestinal epithelial cell line) | Female C57BL/6 mice, BALB/c mice | 46 | ||
| H. polygyrus | Allergy due to Alternaria | IL-5 (Dec) IL-13 (Dec) IL-33R (Dec) |
MODE-K cells | BALB/c mice | 52 | ||
| N. brasiliensis, T. muris | IBD | IL-6 (Dec) IL-1β (Dec) IFNγ (Dec) IL-17a (Dec) IL-10 (Inc) TGFβ (Dec) |
- | B10.BR mice | 42 | ||
| T. muris | Trichuriasis | - | - | C57BL/6 and SCID mice | 41 | ||
| 2 | Protozoa | T. cruzi | Chagas | - | - | - | 44 |
| T. gondii | Toxoplasmosis | IL-10 (Dec) IL-12 (Inc) TNF-α (Inc) IFN-γ (Inc) IL-4 (NC) |
HEK293T cell line, RAW 264.7 | Female BALB/c mice | 45 | ||
| E. tenella | Coccidiosis | IL-2 (Inc) IL-16 (Inc) IFN-γ (Inc) |
- | White Leghorn chickens | 47 | ||
| Schistosoma spp. | Human Schistosomiasis | - | - | - | 48 | ||
| E. caproni | - | IFN-c (Inc) IL-4 (Inc) TGF-β (Inc) IL-10 (Inc) |
BALB/c mice | 49 | |||
| T. vaginalis | Trichomoniasis | * | RAW264.7 | BALB/c mice | 50 | ||
| P. yoelii | Malaria | - | - | BALB/c mice | 51 | ||
| L. major | Leishmaniasis | * | - | Female BALB/c mice | 53 | ||
| E. tenella, E. maxima, and E. acervulina | Coccidiosis | IL-2 (Inc) IL-16 (Inc) IFN- γ (Inc) IL-4 (Dec) IL10 (Dec) |
- | White Leghorn chickens | 54 | ||
| E. tenella | Coccidiosis | IL-2 (Inc) IL-6 (Inc) IFN- γ (Inc) IL-4 (Inc) |
- | Cobb 500 broilers | 55 |
Note: *In these studies, several times and combinations were investigated. For details, please see the cited references.
Abbreviations: IBD, inflammatory bowel diseases; Dec, decreased; Inc, increased; NC, no changes; IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IFN- γ, interferon-gamma; TGF-β, tumor growth factor-beta; CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand.