Table 2.
Results of Cox survival analyses for the excess risks associated with 12-month and 24-month s visit-to-visit blood pressure variability parameters for the occurrence of future macrovascular complications and all-cause mortality
| Outcomes | BP variability parameter | 12-Month BP variability | 24-Month BP variability | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 HR (95% CI) | Model 2 HR (95% CI) | Model 3 HR (95% CI) | Model 1 HR (95% CI) | Model 2 HR (95% CI) | Model 3 HR (95% CI) | ||
| Total CV events (n = 162) | SBP-SD | 1.33 (1.15–1.53)* | 1.13 (0.97–1.30) | 1.10 (0.95–1.28) | 1.37 (1.18–1.58)* | 1.17 (0.99–138) | 1.12 (0.94-1.33) |
| SBP-VC | 1.26 (1.10–1.46)† | 1.10 (0.95–1.26) | 1.10 (0.95–1.27) | 1.26 (1.10–1.44)† | 1.12 (0.95–1.31) | 1.11 (0.95–1.31) | |
| DBP-SD | 1.15 (1.02–1.31)‡ | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 1.04 (0.92–1.19) | 1.22 (1.07–1.40)† | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 1.08 (0.94–1.23) | |
| DBP-VC | 1.12 (0.98–1.27) | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) | 1.22 (1.07–1.40)† | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 1.10 (0.96–1.13) | |
| Major CV events (n = 132) | SBP-SD | 1.39 (1.19–1.63)* | 1.21 (1.03–1.43)‡ | 1.18 (1.00–1.40)‡ | 1.45 (1.23–1.70)* | 1.30 (1.09–1.56)† | 1.25 (1.03–1.51)‡ |
| SBP-VC | 1.31 (1.12–1.53)† | 1.16 (0.99–1.36) | 1.17 (0.99–1.37) | 1.32 (1.14–1.53)* | 1.22 (1.03–1.44)‡ | 1.22 (1.03–1.45)‡ | |
| DBP-SD | 1.17 (1.03–1.34)‡ | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 1.07 (0.93–1.22) | 1.24 (1.08–1.43)† | 1.15 (1.00–1.33)‡ | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | |
| DBP-VC | 1.13 (0.98–1.29) | 1.08 (0.94–1.24) | 1.07 (0.93–1.23) | 1.25 (1.09–1.44)† | 1.16 (1.00–1.34)‡ | 1.15 (1.00–1.33)‡ | |
| CV mortality (n = 95) | SBP-SD | 1.24 (1.04–1.49)‡ | 1.06 (0.88–1.22) | 1.02 (0.84–1.24) | 1.29 (1.06–1.55)‡ | 1.08 (0.87–1.33) | 1.02 (0.82–1.28) |
| SBP-VC | 1.13 (0.95–1.35) | 1.02 (0.85–1.22) | 1.00 (0.84–1.21) | 1.15 (0.96–1.39) | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | 1.02 (0.83–1.25) | |
| DBP-SD | 1.21 (1.03–1.41)‡ | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) | 1.09 (0.92–1.28) | 1.24 (1.04–1.48)‡ | 1.12 (0.94–1.33) | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) | |
| DBP-VC | 1.14 (0.96–1.34) | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | 1.20 (1.06–1.35)‡ | 1.11 (0.93–1.32) | 1.12 (0.93–1.31) | |
| All–cause mortality (n = 212) | SBP-SD | 1.21 (1.07–1.37)† | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | 1.05 (0.91–1.20) | 1.29 (1.13–1.45)* | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) | 1.07 (0.92–1.25) |
| SBP-VC | 1.13 (1.00–1.28)‡ | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 1.17 (1.04–1.32)‡ | 1.06 (0.93–1.22) | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) | |
| DBP-SD | 1.16 (1.03–1.30)‡ | 1.11 (0.98–1.24) | 1.10 (0.98–1.24) | 1.24 (1.11–1.40)* | 1.16 (1.02–1.31)‡ | 1.14 (0.99–1.29) | |
| DBP-VC | 1.13 (1.00–1.27)‡ | 1.12 (0.99–1.26) | 1.11 (0.99–1.26) | 1.20 (1.06–1.35)† | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | |
Model 1 is adjusted for age and sex, and number of BP measurements
Model 2 is further adjusted for diabetes duration, BMI, smoking status, physical inactivity, arterial hypertension, number of anti-hypertensive drugs in use, presence of micro- and macrovascular complications at baseline, mean HbA1C, serum mean HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, and use of insulin, statins and aspirin
Model 3 is further adjusted for mean SBP and DBP
HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; CV, cardiovascular; SBP-SD, systolic blood pressure standard deviation, SBP-VC, systolic blood pressure variation coefficient; DBP-SD, diastolic blood pressure standard deviation, DBP-VC, diastolic blood pressure variation coefficient
Values are hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals, estimated for increases of 1-SD in each BP variability parameter.*p < 0.001; †p < 0.01; ‡p < 0.05