Table 2.
Independent predictors of in-hospital and overall mortality on multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression model
| Variables | Adjusted HRa | P value |
|---|---|---|
| In-hospital mortality | ||
| DM | 0.81 (0.61–1.07) | 0.137 |
| Age (years) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | < 0.001 |
| Ischemic cause (vs non-ischemic cause) | 1.41 (1.07–1.86) | 0.016 |
| Parenteral inotropics usage | 5.14 (3.43–7.68) | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine ≥ 2.0 (vs < 2.0 mg/dL) | 1.54 (1.15–2.07) | 0.015 |
| Overall mortality | ||
| DM | 1.11 (1.03–1.22) | 0.013 |
| Age (years) | 1.04 (1.04–1.05) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (male) | 1.26 (1.14–1.38) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||
| Underweight vs. Normal | 1.66 (1.47–1.88) | < 0.001 |
| Overweight or obese vs. Normal | 0.80 (0.73–0.89) | < 0.001 |
| Ischemic cause (vs non-ischemic cause) | 1.17 (1.07–1.27) | < 0.001 |
| Prior admission history due to HF | 1.51 (1.39–1.64) | < 0.001 |
| Parenteral inotropics usage | 1.41 (1.30–1.55) | < 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine ≥ 2.0 (vs < 2.0 mg/dL) | 1.63 (1.50–1.83) | < 0.001 |
| Higher BNP (≥ 500), or NT-proBNP (≥ 1000) during index hospitalization | 1.32 (1.22–1.49) | < 0.001 |
| NYHA class III–IV on admission | 1.35 (1.22–1.49) | < 0.001 |
aAdjusted for age, sex, body mass index, etiology of heart failure (ischemic vs. non-ischemic), prior admission history due to HF, parenteral inotropics usage, creatinine concentration (< 2.0 vs. ≥ 2.0 mg/dL), elevated BNP (≥ 500) or NT-proBNP (≥ 1000), NYHA class (III-IV or I-II) on admission, and smoking status (current or ex-smoker vs. never-smoker)