Table 1.

Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance Rate (%) in UPEC Isolates

Antibiotics	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	P-value	Trend
ESBL	59.3	62.5	57.8	59.2	51.9	51.5	52.8	49.7	0.003	↓
Ampicillin	90.6	86.9	88.2	87.3	87.5	85.9	83.8	85.8	0.013	↓
Cefoperazone/Sulbactam	NA	NA	NA	4.8	5.6	5.7	6.3	4.4	0.973	NS
Ampicillin/Sulbactam	56.3	53.5	56.5	59.1	54.8	46.9	44.4	42.8	0.013	↓
Piperacillin/Tazobactam	1.8	2	1.1	1.6	1.9	1.8	1.9	3.4	0.129	NS
Ceftazidime	31.9	30.3	26.3	28.9	27.9	28	28.7	26.1	0.069	NS
Ceftriaxone	66.8	65.4	59.7	61.9	60.3	56.2	56.5	54	<0.001	↓
Cefepime	22.3	22	18.4	20.1	21.4	19.8	17.8	26	0.783	NS
Cefoxitin	NA	NA	NA	11.8	11.1	11.2	11.8	12.5	0.295	NS
Aztreonam	43.7	43.1	38.4	40.8	39.1	40.1	40.3	39.6	0.105	NS
Ertapenem	0.5	1.3	1.4	1.5	1.7	1.1	1.5	1	0.481	NS
Imipenem	0	0.1	0.4	0.4	0.7	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.001	↑
Meropenem	NA	NA	NA	0.4	0.6	0.7	0.8	0.7	0.079	NS
Amikacin	2.3	4	2.1	3	1.8	2.1	2.5	1.5	0.174	NS
Gentamicin	51.2	50	49.2	46.5	42	41.9	38.5	28.6	0.001	↓
Tobramycin	18.4	17.3	15.5	17.1	15.3	13.9	12.7	15	0.011	↓
Ciprofloxacin	69.3	63.8	60.9	61.9	61.5	59.7	61.1	61.8	0.061	NS
Levofloxacin	66.6	60.4	58.5	58.1	56	55.8	58.5	59.4	0.113	NS
Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole	64.8	59.6	56.5	58.5	64.5	52.6	47.9	51	0.028	↓
Nitrofurantoin	3.7	4	3.1	4.2	1.9	2.2	3.2	3.6	0.404	NS

Notes: ↑, resistance rate is increasing; ↓, resistance rate is decreasing; NS, not significant at the P < 0.05 value by the simple linear regression.

Abbreviation: NA, not available.