Table 1.
Aberrant LncRNA expression in different subsets of leukemia
| Disease | LncRNA | Expression level in patients/cell lines | Mechanism | Clinical parameters and treatment responses | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AML | MEG3 | Downregulated | Inhibits tumorigenesis in a p53-dependent and -independent manner | Abnormal methylation of MEG3 confers worse OS | 23, 24 |
| H19 | Upregulated | Possibly correlated with ID2 expression | Highest in M2 AML, correlated with sex, older age, higher WBC counts, intermediate karyotype, FLT3-ITD DNMT3A mutations, lower CR rate, and shorter OS | 25. | |
| UCA1 | Upregulated | Sponges for miR-126, miR-125a, miR-16; activates PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT signaling | Elevated in patients carrying CEBPA mutations; elevated in ADR-resistant pediatric AML cases | 26-28 | |
| HOTAIR | Upregulated | Sponges for miR-193a and modulates c-KIT expression; regulates LSC self-renewal | Higher peripheral leukocyte and BM blast counts, lower platelet and hemoglobin counts, poor DFS and OS | 29-33 | |
| CRNDE | Upregulated | Promotes cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, inhibits apoptosis | Higher in M4 and M5 than in M1, M2, and M3 patients; negatively correlated with total survival time. | 34 | |
| PANDAR | Upregulated | Interacts with NF-YA and inhibits pro-apoptotic gene expression | Older age, higher BM blasts, poor karyotypes, lower CR rate, and shorter OS. | 35 | |
| PVT1 | Upregulated | Sponge for miR-1204 and regulates MYC activation | Elevated in t (8;21) AML and APL. Corelated with high-risk clinical criteria; shorter LFS and OS | 36-39 | |
| CASC15 | Downregulated | Regulates SOX4 expression | Elevated in t (8;21) AML, relatively better prognosis | 40 | |
| IRAIN | Downregulated | Interacts with the IGF1R promoter | Higher WBC counts, blast counts and shorter RFS, OS; refractory response to chemotherapy | 41, 42 | |
| RUNXOR | Upregulated | Interacts with the H3K27 methylase EZH2 and RUNX1 | Elevated in t (8;21) AML | 43 | |
| CCAT1 | Upregulated | Represses monocyte differentiation and promotes AML cell growth by sequestering miR-155 | Significantly elevated in M4 and M5 subtypes | 36, 44 | |
| CCDC26 | Upregulated | Regulates AML cell proliferation via c-KIT expression | Older age, anemia, poor/intermediate risk, partial/no remission, shorter OS | 45, 46 | |
| TUG1 | Upregulated | Targets AURKA and induces AML cell proliferation; reduces miR-34a expression and contributes to ADR resistance | Higher WBC counts, FLT3-ITD mutation, monosomal karyotype, poor-risk stratification, and worse event-free survival and OS | 47, 48 | |
| MALAT | Upregulated | Influences proliferation, apoptosis and Ara-C sensitivity by upregulating miR-96 | Markedly upregulated in M5 subtype, correlated with higher WBC and platelet counts, shorter OS | 49, 50 | |
| HOXA-AS2 | Upregulated | Suppresses ATRA-induced apoptosis via TRAIL; increases ADR resistance via the miR-520c-3p /S100A4 pathway | 51, 52 | ||
| MONC | Upregulated | Enhances proliferation of immature erythroid progenitor cells | 53 | ||
| NEAT1 | Downregulated | Impairs myeloid differentiation, regulates miR‐23a‐3p/SMC1A | 54 | ||
| ALL | BALR-2 | Upregulated | Inhibits downstream glucocorticoid receptor genes FOS, JUN, and BIM | Shorter OS and poor response to prednisone | 55 |
| BALR-6 | Upregulated | Regulation of the transcriptome downstream of SP1 | Highest expression in patients carrying MLL rearrangement | 56 | |
| CASC15 | Downregulated | Regulates SOX4 expression | Elevated in pediatric B-ALL with t (12; 21); associated with relatively better survival | 40 | |
| GAS5 | Downregulated | Sponge for miR-222; modulates B lymphocytic leukemia cell tumorigenesis and metastasis; essential for mTOR-related inhibition of T cell proliferation | Elevated on day 15, but decreased on day 33 after glucocorticoid therapy | 57-59 | |
| HOXA-AS2 | Upregulated | Enhances glucocorticoid resistance, upregulates HOXA3 to activate EGFR/Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling | Higher in pediatric prednisone-poor response ALL cases | 60 | |
| ZEB1-AS1 | Upregulated | Promotes activation of IL-11/STAT3 signaling | Correlated with poor prognosis | 61 | |
| NEAT1 | Upregulated | Related to dysregulation of miR-335-3p and indirectly regulates multidrug-resistance genes | 62 | ||
| PVT1 | Upregulated | Participates in cell cycle progression and proliferation regulation | 63 | ||
| SNHG16 | Upregulated | Host of miR-124-3p and promotes ALL cell proliferation | 64 | ||
| NALT | Upregulated | Regulates NOTCH1 signaling | 65 | ||
| T-ALL-R-LncR1 | Upregulated | Inhibits formation of the Par-THAP1 complex and caspase-3 activation | 66 | ||
| LUNAR1 | Upregulated | Enhances IGF1R expression to sustain IGF1 signaling | 67 | ||
| XLOC_001561 | Downregulated | Involved in T cell differentiation and possible tumorigenesis | 68 | ||
| ANRIL | Upregulated | Alters CDKN2A/B expression; targets EZH2, and activates the NF-κB pathway | 69, 70 | ||
| Linc-PINT | Downregulated | Induces HMOX1 transcription and reduces ALL cell viability | 71 | ||
| Lnc-INSR | Upregulated | Promotes immune suppression by enhancing Treg cell differentiation | 72 | ||
| ARIEL | Upregulated | Activates ARID5B expression, thereby upregulating TAL1-induced transcriptional programs and MYC oncogene expression | 73 | ||
| RP11-137H2.4 | Upregulated | Involved in proliferation, apoptosis, cell migration, and glucocorticoid resistance | 74 | ||
| CML | HOTAIR | Upregulated | Contributes to IM resistance by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway | Upregulated in MRP1-high patients | 75 |
| MEG3 | Downregulated | Regulates miRNA-21, miRNA-147, and the JAK/STAT pathway | Lower in AP and BP than in CP patients. Lower in imatinib-resistant compared to imatinib-sensitive patients | 76-78 | |
| H19 | Upregulated | Required for BCR-ABL-mediated tumorigenesis | A tendency toward higher WBC counts and BCR-ABL transcript | 79, 80 | |
| HAND2-AS1 | Upregulated | Host of miR-1275 and promotes CML cell proliferation | Expression level in AP/BP stages was much lower than that in CP | 81 | |
| HULC | Upregulated | Sponge for miR-200a and modulates c-Myc and Bcl-2 levels | Positively correlated with clinical stages | 82 | |
| MALAT1 | Upregulated | MALAT1/miR-328 axis promotes CML cell proliferation and imatinib resistance | 83 | ||
| NEAT1 | Upregulated | Essential mediator of apoptosis induced by imatinib | 84 | ||
| SNHG5 | Upregulated | Affects DR4 methylation; promotes IM resistance by attenuating miR-205-5p expression | 85, 86 | ||
| UCA1 | Upregulated | Sponge for miRNA-16 and contributes to IM resistance | 87 | ||
| PLIN2 | Upregulated | Promotes tumor growth via Wnt/β-catenin signaling | 88 | ||
| FENDRR | Downregulated | HuR/FENDRR/miR-184 interaction contributes to MDR1 activity | 89 | ||
| BGL3 | Downregulated | Host of miR-17, miR-20a, miR-20b, miR-93, miR-106a, and miR-106b; regulates PTEN expression | 90 | ||
| CLL | DLEU1/2 | Downregulated | Host of miR-12a and miR-16-1; regulates NF-κB signaling | Corelated with poor prognosis | 91-94 |
| MALAT1 | Upregulated | Involved in tumorigenic processes | No statistically significance difference between the prognosis categories | 95 | |
| MIAT | Upregulated | Initiates a regulatory loop with OCT4 in malignant mature B cells | Correlated with rapid death cases | 96 | |
| GATA6-AS1 | Downregulated | Inhibits cell proliferation and enhances apoptosis in the caspase-9-dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway | Methylation of GATA6-AS1 corelated with advanced Rai stage | 97 | |
| TRERNA1 | Upregulated | Enhances protection against cytotoxicity mediated DNA damage | Associated with aggressive disease markers, shorter time to treatment, shorter PFS and OS | 98 | |
| lncRNA-p21 | Downregulated | Activated by p53 and binds hnRNP-K to induce apoptosis | 99, 100 |