BCAA upregulate PPAR-α and PPAR-α targeted genes. (A to B) Adult mouse cardiac myocytes were treated with different concentrations of BCAA (0, 0.429 mM, 0.858 mM, 1.716 mM, 3.432 mM) for 12 h (n=6). (A) Expression of PGC1-α, PPAR-γ, PPAR-α in cardiomyocytes by western blotting. (B) Expression of Ppara in cardiomyocytes by real-time PCR. (C-J) Adult cardiac myocytes were treated with Vehicle (Con), GW6471, BCAA, BCAA+GW6471 for 12 h. (C and D) Expression of ACAA2, ACADM, CD36, CPT1B in cardiomyocytes by western blotting and real-time PCR (n=6). (E) OCR curve of adult cardiac myocytes treated with Vehicle (Con), GW6471, BCAA, BCAA+GW6471 were determined (n=5). (F) Basal respiration (G) ATP production (H) maximal respiration (I) basal respiration due to exogenous palmitate-BSA and (J) maximal respiration due to exogenous palmitate-BSA were calculated according to instruction. N=5 per group. * P<0.05, ** P<0.01. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by a Bonferroni post-hoc test. All values are presented as mean ± SEM.