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. 2020 Apr 6;10(12):5195–5208. doi: 10.7150/thno.45017

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Cytotoxicity mechanism of Au NPs in the presence of X-ray irradiation. (A) γ-H2AX immunofluorescence, (B) Flowcytometry based intracellular ROS level analysis, (C) Flowcytometry based apoptosis analysis of LM3 cells after different treatments (n=4). Quantitative analysis of (D) γ-H2AX foci density, and (E) cell apoptosis and necrosis ratio in each treatment group. I: Control; II: 4 Gy; III: Au@Tat-I-EK + 4 Gy; IV: Au@Tat-R-EK + 4 Gy; V: Au@Tat-R-EK + Cathepsin + 4 Gy. The concentration of ultrasmall Au NPs is 20 μg/mL. Untreated cells were used as control.