Figure 2.

Inhibitory effect of ultrasound stimulation on epileptiform discharges of TLE patients. (A) Cell-attached recording of neurons from epileptic patients has epileptiform discharges consisting of few to dozens of spikes while neurons from glioma patients without epilepsy have few discharges. (B) PSTH (pre-stimulation spikes time histogram) of 13 'epileptic neurons' and 15 normal neurons showing the epileptiform discharges in the 'epileptic neurons' of TLE patients compared with the few discharges in glioma patients. (C) Comparison of the frequency of spikes showing that the firing frequency of neurons from epileptic patients was significantly higher than that of neurons from glioma patients. (D) Representative traces of epileptiform discharge recorded (middle) in different recording phases (upper, 60 seconds before ultrasound stimulation, 60 seconds ultrasound stimulation and after ultrasound stimulation). Spike frequency of epileptiform discharges was significantly decreased during ultrasound stimulation (lower). The inhibitory effect lasted 75 seconds and rapidly resumed after ultrasound stimulation. (E) Thirteen neurons recorded from TLE patient's slices showing an effective decrease in the frequency of epileptiform discharges during ultrasound stimulation. The frequency of epileptiform discharges resumed after ultrasound stimulation. (F) Ultrasound stimulation significantly decreased the normalized spikes frequency of epileptiform discharges. (G) No significant change was observed before US and during US in the amplitude of the spikes. (H) No significant change was observed before US and US in the half-width of spikes. Sixty seconds pulsed ultrasound waveforms with a fundamental frequency of 28 MHz, acoustic pressure of 0.13 MPa (I_SPPA= 465 mW/cm²), TBD of 5 ms and PRF of 100 Hz were used to stimulate the human epileptic slices.