Table 1.
Demographic and Neuropsychological Data for the Sample
| Multiple sclerosis | Control | One-way ANOVA for the group difference: p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (%, female) | 81 | 73 | n/s |
| Handedness (%, Right) | 84 | 87 | n/s |
| Ethnicity | WE = 37 | WE = 21, A = 1, BI = 1 | |
| TWMLL (mL) | 7.77 (8.87) | 0.42 (0.87) | <0.001 |
| Age at date of first scan (years) | 48 (11) | 42 (12) | n/s |
| Years of full-time education after age 16 (years)a | 2 (2) | 3 (2) | n/s |
| MS subtype | RR = 22, SP = 15 | ||
| Age of onset (years) | 31 (6) | ||
| Disease duration (years) | 17 (10) | ||
| Use of disease modifying drugs, n (%) | 12 (37) | ||
| MSFC | −0.38 (0.69) | 0.64 (0.43) | <0.001 |
| PASAT | 36.31 (2.44) | 44.87 (2.43) | 0.020 |
| 9HPT | 25.03 (7.09) | 22.23 (6.71) | <0.001 |
| T25FW | 7.5 (3.3) | 4.6 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| PSQI | 8.35 (3.42) | 4.50 (1.41) | 0.003 |
| MFIS | 54.25 (19.98) | 11.00 (10.08) | <0.001 |
| BDI | 18.21 (12.37) | 2.00 (3.22) | <0.001 |
| SDMT | 41.91 (13.09) | 57.00 (10.74) | <0.001 |
| NFI-MS | 48.24 (10.57) | 13.95 (12.16) | <0.001 |
| ANT | |||
| Alerting | −0.97 (14.53) | 17.33 (18.57) | <0.001 |
| Orienting | 20.58 (24.19) | 36.29 (23.95) | 0.023 |
| Conflicting | 99.12 (49.05) | 170.90 (72.45) | <0.001 |
All measures of center and spread are given as mean (SD) except where indicated.
Compulsory schooling in the United Kingdom lasts until age 16 years.
9HPT, Nine-Hole Peg Test; A, Arabic; ANOVA, analysis of covariance; ANT, attention network test; BDI, Beck depression inventory II; BI, British Indian; MFIS, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale; MSFC, multiple sclerosis functional composite; n/s, nonsignificant; NFI-MS, Neurological Fatigue Index; PASAT, paced auditory serial addition test; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; RR, relapsing-remitting; SD, standard deviation; SDMT, symbol digit modalities test; SP, secondary progressive; T25FW, timed 25-foot walk; TWMLL, total white matter lesion load; WE, white European.