Table 1.

Functions of Heparin-Binding EGF-Like Growth Factor Related to Phenotypes of Metabolic Syndrome and Diseases

Physiological and pathophysiological function	Cell type or tissues involved	Refs.
Interaction with EGFR and ERBB4 for cell signaling	Multiple cell types that express EGFR and ERBB4	1
Induction of proliferation of HSPCs	Bone marrow hematopoietic and stromal cells	13,14
Development of the heart structure and function	Endothelial cells	17
Liver function	Hepatocytes	22–24
Renal function	Renal endothelial cells	19
	Renal podocytes	21
	Renal tubular epithelial cells	112,116
EGFR transactivation	Multiple cell types under stress environments	12,29
Induction of insulin resistance	Adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells	37
Interaction with adiponectin	Vascular smooth muscle cells	82,83
Induction of neointimal thickness	Vascular smooth muscle cells	49
Regulation of hepatic VLDL production	LSECs or hepatocytes	92
Regulation of inflammatory cytokine expression	Vascular endothelial cells	34
Atherosclerosis and aneurysm development	Aortic smooth muscle cells	61,98,99,102,103
Interaction with diphtheria toxin	Multiple cell types	134

EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; HSPCs, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells; LSECs, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein.