Table 1.

Patent herbal medicines against COVID-19 recommended by the Chinese health organizations, and the mechanisms indicated by the bench-to-clinical multi-OMICS data in the lung and blood samples of the relevant patients. The targets overexpressed in >5% of the patients are included. The bold targets are critical factors for the relevant effects. The critical factor was judged by the literature report of being critical or required for the effect. Detailed descriptions, key regulators and references 12–26 are in Supplementary Table 3 and 4 respectively.

Clinical Cases	Traditional medicine	Mechanisms Indicated by the Integrative Bench-to-Clinic Muti-omics Data in the Lung and Blood Samples of Patients
Medical observation period
Fatigue with gastro-intestinal discomfort	Huoxiang Zhengqi capsules	Pros: Inhibited CHMR4 and CDK6 in 17% and 15% patients to reduce DC and T cell mediated inflammation [12, 13] and neutrophil-induced tissue damage [14].
	藿香正气胶囊
		Cons: Inhibited CHMR4, PDGES, and MAOA in 17%, 7% and 6% patients to reduce adaptive immune activation [15], and hinder inflammation resolution [16, 17].
		Mixed: Inhibited PDGES in 7% patients to hinder dual pro- and anti- inflammatory responses of DC cells [18].
Fatigue with fever	Lianhua Qingwen capsules	Pros: Inhibited ALOX15, HTR7 and CDK6 in 32%, 7% and 14% patients to reduce macrophage and DC cell mediated inflammation [19, 20], neutrophil-induced tissue damage [14], and restore DC cell activation of adaptive immunity [15].
	连花清瘟胶囊
		Cons: Inhibited HT7R in 7% patients to reduce macrophage-mediated anti-inflammatory activity [21] and restore DC cell mediated inflammation [15].
	Jinhuaqinggan granula 金花清感颗粒	Pros: Inhibited ALOX15 and CDK6 in 19% and 12% patients to reduce macrophage-mediated inflammation [19], and neutrophil-induced tissue damage [14].
	Shufengjiedu capsules	Pros: Inhibited CDK6 and IDO1 in 13% and 5% patients to reduce neutrophil-induced tissue damage [14] and restore T helper/effector cell activation [22].
	疏风解毒胶囊
	Fangfengtongsheng pill 防风通圣丸	Pros: Inhibited ALOX15, HTR7, CDK6 and KIT in 16%, 6%, 9% and 11% patients to reduce macrophage and DC cell mediated inflammation [19, 20], neutrophil-induced tissue damage [14], and restore DC cell activation of adaptive immunity [15].
		Cons: Inhibited HT7R and KIT in 6% and 11% patients to reduce macrophage-mediated anti-inflammatory activity [21] and restore DC cell mediated inflammation [15, 23].
Clinical treatment period
Mild, general and severe cases	Qingfeipaidu decoction	Pros: Inhibited ALOX15, MIF and CDK6 in 28%, 5% and 12% patients to reduce macrophage-mediated inflammation [19, 24], and neutrophil-induced tissue damage [14].
	清肺排毒汤
Critical cases	Suhexiang pill	Pros: Inhibited MIF and AR in 18% and 7% patients to reduce macrophage and neutrophil mediated inflammation [24, 25], and restore T-cell/B-cell development in adaptive immunity [25], activated GPER1 in 6% patients to reduce monocyte-mediated immune response and inflammation [26].
	苏合香丸
		Cons: Activated AR in 7% patients to promote neutrophil mediated inflammation [25].
	Angongniuhuang pill	Pros: Inhibited ALOX15, AR and KIT in 20%, 8% and 12% patients to reduce macrophage and neutrophil mediated inflammation [19, 25], restore DC cell activation [19] and T-cell/B-cell development [25] of adaptive immunity, activated GPER1 in 6% patients to reduce monocyte-mediated immune response and inflammation [26].
	安宫牛黄丸
		Cons: Inhibited KIT in 12% patients to restore DC cell mediated inflammation [23]. Activated AR in 8% patients to promote neutrophil mediated inflammation [25].