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. 2020 May 4;325:109125. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109125

Table 2.

Clinically significant natural product based molecules in attenuating respiratory disorders.

Alkaloids
Sr. No Compound Source Structure Application Mechanism Ref.
1. Theophylline Camellia sinensis and Theobroma cacao Image 15 Inhibits the Exacerbations in human subjects with COPD, bronchodilation Suppression of inflammatory genes by enhanced HDAC activation [121,122]
2. Ligustrazine Ligusticum wallichii Rhizome, Curcuma aromatica Salisb, Jatropha podagrica Hook Image 16 Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in human subjects Upregulates levels of NO and downregulates
ET-1; lowers mPAP levels.		 [123,124]
3. Atropine Family Solanaceae Image 17 Relieves asthma chronic bronchitis Reduction in sputum volume [125]
Flavonoids
4. Puerarin Pueraria montana var. lobata Image 18 Treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in human subjects Restrains pulmonary vascular remodeling [126]
Procyanidin Cocoa Image 19 Relieves oxidant stress in human subjects Trigger Nrf2 activity [127]
Terpenoids
5. Carvacrol Origanum vulgare Image 20 Therapeutic effect on asthma in human subjects Downregulation of inflammatory cells, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) [128]
6. Eukalyptol Eucalyptus sp. Image 21 Relieves bronchial asthma and rhinosinusitis in human subjects Mucolytic agent in upper and lower airway passages [129,130]
7. Boswellic acid Boswellia serrata Image 22 Alleviates symptoms of asthma in human subjects Deactivation of lipoxygenase pathway [131]
Miscellaneous
8. Sulforaphane cruciferous vegetables Image 23 Attenuates inflammatory effects of oxidative stress in respiratory passages in human subjects Induces the expression of mucosal Phase II enzymes in the upper airway passage [132]
9 Curcumin Zingiberaceaefamily Image 24 Prevention of deleterious cardiovascular events in COPD human subjects Decreased the atherosclerotic AT-LDL levels, resulting in prevention of possible cardiovascular disorders in COPD subjects [133]
10 Pycnogenol Pinus pinaster Complex antioxidant compounds Relieves asthma inflammation in human subjects Inactivation of NF-κB and attenuation of MMP-9 secretion [134]
11 Linoleic acid Vegetable oils Polyunsaturated fatty acid Improves the airway hyper‐reactivity in asthma human subjects Downregulation of stimulated TNF-α [[135], [136], [137]]
12 Caffeic acid Eucalyptus globulus Image 25 Significant inhibition in the incidence and severity of nocturnal attacks, improvement of ventilatory functions in asthma human subjects Reduction in pro‐inflammatory factors (TNF)‐α, ICAM‐1, IL‐6, IL‐8, prostaglandins E2 and F2α and leukotriene D4; upsurge in IL‐10. The levels of [138]