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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacol Ther. 2019 Feb 18;198:46–58. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.02.008

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

GDF15 translocation in the cells. GDF15 is translocated into the nucleus, and then, exported to cytoplasm. Finally, GDF15 is secreted into the extracellular matrix. CRM1 (green) participates in GDF15 translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm, whereas importin may participate in GDF15 translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus. Nuclear GDF15 may inhibit SMAD activity that regulates several genes associated with metastasis.