Table 2.
Positive and Negative Health Effects of GDF15 observed in mice.
| Health effects | Methods | Positive vs Negative | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Longer life span | Tg | Positive | (Wang, et al., 2014) |
| Lower body weight | Tg | Positive | (Baek, et al., 2006; Chrysovergis, et al., 2014; Wang, et al., 2014) |
| KO | Positive | (Tsai, et al., 2013) | |
| rGDF15 | (Mullican, et al., 2017) | ||
| Lower adipose tissue weights-WAT, BAT, eWAT, iWAT | Tg | Positive | (Chrysovergis, et al., 2014) |
| Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity | KO | Positive | (Tran, Yang, Gardner, & Xiong, 2018) |
| Tg | Positive | (Chrysovergis, et al., 2014) | |
| Lower LDL and Lower total cholesterol | rGDF15 | Positive | (Ackermann, Bonaterra, Kinscherf, & Schwarz, 2018) |
| Tg | Positive | (Chrysovergis, et al., 2014) | |
| Inflammation | Tg | Positive: lower expression of inflammatory cytokines, IL-18, IL-1β,TNFα, KC, IL-6, MCP-1. | (J. M. Kim, et al., 2013) |
| Tg | Positive: Reduced Lysozyme in Tg mice | (Cekanova, et al., 2009) | |
| GDF15 KO/ApoE KO | Negative: Involved in atherosclerotic lesion progression | (Bonaterra, et al., 2012) | |
| Lower macrophage infiltration into fat, liver | KO | Positive | (K. H. Kim, et al., 2018) |
| Lower leptin levels | Tg | Positive | (J. M. Kim, et al., 2013) |
| Change/increase in energy homeostasis with shift from carbohydrate to lipid metabolism | Ad-GDF15 | Positive | (M. Zhang, Sun, Qian, & Tang, 2018) |
| Inhibits tumor development- Intestinal and Lung cancer | Tg | Positive | (Baek, et al., 2006; Cekanova, et al., 2009) |
| Protects against cardiac hypertrophy (enlarged heart) | Tg | Positive | (Y. Zhang, et al., 2017) |
| Increase in tramp prostate mice metastasis | KO | Negative | (Y. Husaini, et al., 2012) |