Longer life span |
Tg |
Positive |
(Wang, et al., 2014) |
Lower body weight |
Tg |
Positive |
(Baek, et al., 2006; Chrysovergis, et al., 2014; Wang, et al., 2014) |
KO |
Positive |
(Tsai, et al., 2013) |
rGDF15 |
|
(Mullican, et al., 2017) |
Lower adipose tissue weights-WAT, BAT, eWAT, iWAT |
Tg |
Positive |
(Chrysovergis, et al., 2014) |
Improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity |
KO |
Positive |
(Tran, Yang, Gardner, & Xiong, 2018) |
Tg |
Positive |
(Chrysovergis, et al., 2014) |
Lower LDL and Lower total cholesterol |
rGDF15 |
Positive |
(Ackermann, Bonaterra, Kinscherf, & Schwarz, 2018) |
Tg |
Positive |
(Chrysovergis, et al., 2014) |
Inflammation |
Tg |
Positive: lower expression of inflammatory cytokines, IL-18, IL-1β,TNFα, KC, IL-6, MCP-1. |
(J. M. Kim, et al., 2013) |
Tg |
Positive: Reduced Lysozyme in Tg mice |
(Cekanova, et al., 2009) |
GDF15 KO/ApoE KO |
Negative: Involved in atherosclerotic lesion progression |
(Bonaterra, et al., 2012) |
Lower macrophage infiltration into fat, liver |
KO |
Positive |
(K. H. Kim, et al., 2018) |
Lower leptin levels |
Tg |
Positive |
(J. M. Kim, et al., 2013) |
Change/increase in energy homeostasis with shift from carbohydrate to lipid metabolism |
Ad-GDF15 |
Positive |
(M. Zhang, Sun, Qian, & Tang, 2018) |
Inhibits tumor development- Intestinal and Lung cancer |
Tg |
Positive |
(Baek, et al., 2006; Cekanova, et al., 2009) |
Protects against cardiac hypertrophy (enlarged heart) |
Tg |
Positive |
(Y. Zhang, et al., 2017) |
Increase in tramp prostate mice metastasis |
KO |
Negative |
(Y. Husaini, et al., 2012) |