Table 1.
Characteristics of Children (n = 28) with Mild* (n =14), Moderate**(n=3) and Severe ***(n =11) Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
| Parameter | All Patients (n = 28) |
Mild TBI (n = 14) |
Moderate TBI (n =3) |
Severe TBI (n =11) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years median [IQR] | 11[5, 15.5] | 12[9, 15] | 3[1, 7] | 11[5, 16] |
| Age groups | ||||
| 0–4 years | 6(21.4%) | 2(14.3%) | 2(66.7%) | 2(18.2%) |
| 5–9 years | 6(21.4%) | 2(14.3%) | 1(33.3%) | 3(27.3%) |
| 10–14 years | 8(28.6%) | 6(42.8%) | 0 | 2(18.2%) |
| 15–18 years | 8(28.6%) | 4(28.6%) | 0 | 4(36.3%) |
| Male | 18 (64.3%) | 9(64.3%) | 2(66.7%) | 7(63.7%) |
| Injury Severity Score (ISS), median [IQR] | 25[17, 27] | 17.5[11, 26] | 41[26, 41] | 21.5[17, 27] |
| Admission Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), median [IQR] | 13[6, 15] | 15[14, 15] | 9[9, 9] | 4.5[3, 6] |
| Mechanism of Injury | ||||
| Motor Vehicle crash | 10(35.7%) | 2(14.3%) | 1(33.3%) | 7(63.6%) |
| Fall | 10(35.7%) | 7(70%) | 0 | 3(30%) |
| Struck by or against | 6(21.4%) | 5(83.3%) | 0 | 1(16.7%) |
| Other | 2(7.1%) | 0 | 2(100%) | 0 |
| Intracranial Lesion on CT head | ||||
| Isolated Skull fracture Skull fracture + |
0 15(53.6%) |
9(64.3%) | 2(66.7%) | 4(36.4%) |
| Isolated Subgaleal hematoma Subgaleal hematoma + |
0 13(46.4%) |
6(42.9%) | 1(33.3%) | 6(53.6%) |
| Isolated Subdural hematoma Subdural hematoma + |
2(7.1%) 12(42.9%) |
1(7.1%) 8(57.1%) |
1(33.3%) 0 |
4(36.4%) |
| Isolated Subarachnoid hemorrhage Subarachnoid hemorrhage + |
0 12(42.9%) |
6(42.9%) | 0 | 6(54.6%) |
| Isolated Epidural hematoma Epidural hematoma + |
1(3.6%) 7(25%) |
4(28.6%) | 1(33.3%) | 1(9.1%) 2(18.2%) |
| Isolated Pneumocephalus Pneumocephalus + |
0 7(25%) |
3(21.4%) | 2(66.7%) | 2(18.2%) |
| Isolated Intraparenchymal hemorrhage Intraparenchymal hemorrhage + |
1(3.6%) 3(10.7%) |
1(7.1%) 2(14.3%) |
0 | 1(9.1%) |
| Isolated Cerebral edema Cerebral edema + |
0 4(14.3%) |
1(7.1%) | 0 | 3(27.3%) |
| Isolated Cerebral herniation Cerebral herniation + |
0 1(3.6%) |
0 | 0 | 1(9.1%) |
| Isolated Diffuse axonal injury Diffuse axonal injury + |
0 1(3.6%) |
0 | 0 | 1(9.1%) |
| Isolated Intraventricular hemorrhage Intraventricular hemorrhage + |
0 1(3.6%) |
0 | 0 | 1(9.1%) |
|
Intensive care unit length of stay, days, median [IQR] |
1.9[1.1, 5.6] | 1.6[1, 1.8] | 4.1[1, 5.8] | 4.6[2.1, 10.3] |
|
Hospital length of stay, days, median [IQR] |
6.5[1.7, 11.5] | 1.8[1, 5.5] | 8.7[7.1, 13] | 10.9[7.5, 16.1] |
| Discharge GCS, median [IQR] | 15[15, 15] | 14.5[15, 15] | 15[14, 15] | 15[12, 15] |
| Discharge disposition | ||||
| Home | 20(71.4%) | 14(100%) | 2(66.7%) | 4(36.4%) |
| In-patient Rehabilitation facility | 7(25%) | 0 | 1(33.3%) | 6(54.5%) |
| Death | 1(3.6%) | 0 | 0 | 1(9.1%) |
Abbreviations:
SD: standard deviation; IQR: interquartile range; CT: computerized tomography
*
Mild TBI: Admission GCS: 13–15,
**
Moderate TBI: Admission GCS: 9–12,
***
Severe TBI: Admission GCS: 3–8 + Indicates mixed lesion on CT