Table 2.
Reference values for Plasma Biomarkers in Children (n = 28) with Traumatic Brain Injury
| Angiopoietin (AP-2) |
|---|
| AP-2 median(minimum-maximum) pg/ml | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Overall | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
| n = 28 | n = 28 | n = 14 | n = 3 | n = 11 | |
| AP-2 | 2610.695(1282.355,10392.66) | 2409.44(1282.355,4555.11) | 2563.66(1488.87,4565.39) | 2998.84(1892.22,10392.66) | |
| Age groups | |||||
| 0–4 years | n=6 | 3157.425(2137.015,4654.32) | 3065.42(2379.65,3751.19) | 3564.525(2563.66,4565.39) | 3395.6675(2137.015,4654.32) |
| 5–9 years | n=6 | 1966.21(1488.87,2998.84) | 2420.55(1990.59,2850.51) | 1488.87(na) | 1941.83(1892.22,2998.84) |
| 10–14 years | n=8 | 1958.18(1282.355,2657.73) | 1674.505(1282.355,2439.23) | 0 | 2456.13(2254.53,2657.73) |
| 15–18 years | n=8 | 4137.63(2899.59,10392.66) | 4137.63(2899.59,4555.11) | 0 | 5656.055(3382.03,10392.66) |
| Sex (male) | |||||
| Female | n=10 | 2103.372(1478.58,3382.03) | 1990.59(1478.58,2439.23) | 2563.66(na) | 2195.773(1941.83,3382.03) |
| Male | n=18 | 3286.425(1282.355,10392.66) | 2899.59(1282.355,4555.11) | 3027.13(1488.87,4565.39) | 3574.01(1892.22,10392.66) |
| Abnormalities on CT head | |||||
| Subdural hematoma (SDH) n =14 |
Isolated n = 2 Mixed n = 12 |
2501.445(2439.23,2563.66) 3300.85(1478.58,10392.66) |
2439.23(na) 3300.85(1478.58,4555.11) |
2563.66(na) 0 |
0 4937.557(,10392.66) |
| Epidural hematoma (EDH) n = 8 |
Isolated n = 1 Mixed n = 7 |
3574.01(na) 2137.015(1502.38,4565.39) |
0 2030.16(1502.38,4421.58) |
0 4565.39(na) |
3574.01(na) 2397.372(2137.015,2657.73) |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) n = 12 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n = 12 |
0 3190.435(1502.38,10392.66) |
0 3352.095(1502.38,4555.11) |
0 0 |
0 3190.435(2137.015,10392.66) |
| Intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH) n = 4 |
Isolated n =1 Mixed n = 3 |
1282.355(na) 4421.58(2998.84,4555.11) |
1282.355(na) 4488.345(4421.58,4555.11) |
0 0 |
0 2998.84(na) |
| Cerebral edema n = 4 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n = 4 |
0 3140.81(1892.22,10392.66) |
0 2899.59(na) |
0 0 |
0 3382.03(1892.22,10392.66) |
| Cerebral herniation n = 1 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n = 1 |
0 1892.22(na) |
0 0 |
0 0 |
0 1892.22(na) |
| Diffuse axonal injury n =1 |
isolated n=1 Mixed n = 0 |
2254.53(na) 0 |
0 0 |
0 0 |
2254.53(na) 0 |
| Skull fracture n = 15 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=15 |
0 2137.015(1478.58,10392.66) |
0 2069.73(1478.58,4421.58) |
0 3027.13(1488.87,4565.39) |
0 2567.9275(1941.83,10392.66) |
| Subgaleal hematoma n = 13 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=13 |
0 2850.51(1478.58,10392.66) |
0 2224.69(1478.58,2899.59) |
0 4565.39(na) |
0 4018.175(1941.83,10392.66) |
| Pneumocephalus n = 7 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=7 |
0 2069.73(1478.58,10392.66) |
0 1846.63(1478.58,2069.73) |
0 3027.13(1488.87,4565.39) |
0 6695.75(2998.84,10392.66) |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) n = 1 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=1 |
0 7738.1(na) |
0 0 |
0 0 |
0 7738.1(na) |
| Endothelin-1(ET-1) |
|---|
| Endohelin-1 median(minimum-maximum) pg/ml | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Overall | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
| n = 28 | n = 28 | n = 14 | n = 3 | n = 11 | |
| ET-1 | 92.9675(25.86,502.5) | 91.945(31.3115,502.5) | 87.72(49.34,105.68) | 94.565(25.86,126.23) | |
| Age groups | |||||
| 0–4 years | n=6 | 101.265(49.34,261.12) | 157.0125(52.905,261.12) | 77.51(49.34,105.68) | 101.265(97.81,104.72) |
| 5–9 years | n=6 | 100.3275(87.72,502.5) | 304.295(106.09,502.5) | 87.72(na) | 94.565(91.37,126.23) |
| 10–14 years | n=8 | 97.075(31.3115,176.35) | 73.58(31.3115,176.35) | 0 | 103.52(98.37,108.67) |
| 15–18 years | n=8 | 70.905(25.86,132.55) | 85.175(68.08,132.55) | 0 | 63.895(25.86,73.73) |
| Sex (male) | |||||
| Female | n=10 | 96.795(41.745,502.5) | 95.78(41.745,502.5) | 49.34(na) | 98.09(60.64,126.23) |
| Male | n=18 | 89.74(25.86,261.12) | 88.11(31.3115,261.12) | 96.7(87.72,105.68) | 91.37(25.86,108.67) |
| Abnormalities on CT head | |||||
| SDH n =14 |
Isolated n = 2 Mixed n = 12 |
72.56(49.34,95.78) 90.025(51.38,261.12) |
95.78(na) 94.165(51.38,261.12) |
49.34(na) 0 |
0 85.77(67.15,126.23) |
| EDH n = 8 |
Isolated n = 1 Mixed n = 7 |
25.86(na) 105.68(41.745,502.5) |
0 91.965(41.745,502.5) |
0 105.68(na) |
25.86(na) 103.24(97.81,108.67) |
| SAH n = 12 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n = 12 |
0 94.59(51.38,132.55) |
0 94.165(51.38,132.55) |
0 0 |
0 94.59(60.64,108.67) |
| IPH n = 4 |
Isolated n =1 Mixed n = 3 |
31.3115(na) 91.37(82.24,132.55) |
31.3115(na) 107.395(82.24,132.55) |
0 0 |
0 91.37(na) |
| Cerebral edema n = 4 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n = 4 |
0 80.92(60.64,94.565) |
0 88.11(na) |
0 0 |
0 73.73(60.64,94.565) |
| Cerebral herniation n = 1 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n = 1 |
0 94.565(na) |
0 0 |
0 0 |
0 94.565(na) |
| Diffuse axonal injury n =1 |
isolated n=1 Mixed n = 0 |
98.37(na) 0 |
0 0 |
0 0 |
98.37(na) 0 |
| Skull fracture n = 15 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=15 |
0 97.81(41.745,502.5) |
0 106.09(41.745,502.5) |
0 96.7(87.72,105.68) |
0 94.59(73.73,126.23) |
| Subgaleal hematoma n = 13 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=13 |
0 97.81(41.745,261.12) |
0 97.1(41.745,261.12) |
0 105.68(na) |
0 85.77(60.64,126.23) |
| Pneumocephalus n = 7 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=7 |
0 91.37(41.745,176.35) |
0 122.63(41.745,176.35) |
0 96.7(87.72,105.68) |
0 82.55(73.73,91.37) |
| IVH n = 1 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=1 |
0 67.15(na) |
0 0 |
0 0 |
0 67.15(na) |
| Endocan (EC-2) |
|---|
| EC-2 median(minimum-maximum) pg/ml | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Overall | Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
| n = 28 | n = 28 | n = 14 | n = 3 | n = 11 | |
| EC-2 | 2032.755(511.07,5625.625) | 2072.01(511.07,2573.95) | 1500.41(1024.84,2125.91) | 2011.74(528.79,5625.625) | |
| Age groups | |||||
| 0–4 years | n=6 | 1136.685(511.07,2200.9) | 1355.985(511.07,2200.9) | 1575.375(1024.84,2125.91) | 1136.685(1032.58,1240.79) |
| 5–9 years | n=6 | 1172.355(528.79,2490.365) | 1172.355(976.28,1368.43) | 1500.41(na) | 919.06(528.79,2490.365) |
| 10–14 years | n=8 | 1998.91(978.53,2573.95) | 2019.925(978.53,2573.95) | 0 | 1664.295(1316.85,2011.74) |
| 15–18 years | n=8 | 2389.375(2090.25,5625.625) | 2175.815(2090.25,2305.86) | 0 | 2891.0825(2472.89,5625.625) |
| Sex (male) | |||||
| Female | n=10 | 1852.568(978.53,2490.365) | 1719.055(978.53,2278.45) | 2125.91(na) | 1894.87(1032.58,2490.365) |
| Male | n=18 | 2072.01(511.07,5625.625) | 2095.89(511.07,2573.95) | 1262.625(1024.84,1500.41) | 2011.74(528.79,5625.625) |
| Abnormalities on CT head | |||||
| SDH n =14 |
Isolated n = 2 Mixed n = 12 |
2055.995(1986.08,2125.91) 2148.395(511.07,3272.335) |
1986.08(na) 2093.07(511.07,2278.45) |
2125.91(na) 0 |
0 2500.0975(1032.58,3272.335) |
| EDH n = 8 |
Isolated n = 1 Mixed n = 7 |
5625.625(na) 1719.055(1024.84,2278.45) |
0 1987.3975(1368.43,2278.45) |
0 1024.84(na) |
5625.625(na) 1522.16(1032.58,2011.74) |
| SAH n = 12 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n = 12 |
0 2072.01(528.79,3272.335) |
0 2093.07(976.28,2278.45) |
0 0 |
0 1626.265(528.79,3272.335) |
| IPH n = 4 |
Isolated n =1 Mixed n = 3 |
2573.95(na) 2095.89(528.79,2255.74) |
2573.95(na) 2175.815(2095.89,2255.74) |
0 0 |
0 528.79(na) |
| Cerebral edema n = 4 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n = 4 |
0 2389.375(919.06,3272.335) |
0 2305.86(na) |
0 0 |
0 2472.89(919.06,3272.335) |
| Cerebral herniation n = 1 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n = 1 |
0 919.06(na) |
0 0 |
0 0 |
0 919.06(na) |
| Diffuse axonal injury n =1 |
isolated n=1 Mixed n = 0 |
1316.85(na) 0 |
0 0 |
0 0 |
1316.85(na) 0 |
| Skull fracture n = 15 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=15 |
0 1719.055(528.79,3272.335) |
0 2053.77(976.28,2278.45) |
0 1262.625(1024.84,1500.41) |
0 1761.4725(528.79,3272.335) |
| Subgaleal hematoma n = 13 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=13 |
0 1719.055(511.07,3272.335) |
0 1348.7925(511.07,2305.86) |
0 1024.84(na) |
0 2481.6275(1032.58,3272.335) |
| Pneumocephalus n = 7 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=7 |
0 1500.41(528.79,3272.335) |
0 1719.055(978.53,2053.77) |
0 1262.625(1024.84,1500.41) |
0 1900.5625(528.79,3272.335) |
| IVH n = 1 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=1 |
0 2509.83(na) |
0 0 |
0 0 |
0 2509.83(na) |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) |
|---|
| IL-6 median(minimum-maximum) pg/ml | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Overall | Mild | Moderate | Severe | ||
| n = 28 | n = 28 | n = 14 | n = 3 | n = 11 | ||
| IL-6 | 23.3675(6.26,180.54) | 23.825(6.26,92.12) | 19.42(10.96,22.02) | 32.1(11.32,180.54) | ||
| Age groups | ||||||
| 0–4 years | n=6 | 31.07(10.96,95.17) | 65.0275(37.935,92.12) | 15.19(10.96,19.42) | 59.6875(24.205,95.17) | |
| 5–9 years | n=6 | 20.6275(15.68,32.1) | 20.84(19.15,22.53) | 22.02(na) | 19.235(15.68,32.1) | |
| 10–14 years | n=8 | 13.895(6.26,37.645) | 10.32(6.26,31.47) | 0 | 29.1775(20.71,37.645) | |
| 15–18 years | n=8 | 36.395(11.32,180.54) | 28.105(25.12,43.84) | 0 | 85.81(11.32,180.54) | |
| Sex (male) | ||||||
| Female | n=10 | 19.1925(6.26,97.09) | 11.71(6.26,31.47) | 10.96(na) | 57.94(19.235,97.09) | |
| Male | n=18 | 26.19(7.65,180.54) | 27.26(7.65,92.12) | 20.72(19.42,22.02) | 32.1(11.32,180.54) | |
| Abnormalities on CT head | ||||||
| SDH n =14 |
Isolated n = 2 Mixed n = 12 |
9.945(8.93,10.96) 30.21(11.32,95.17) |
8.93(na) 30.21(11.71,92.12) |
10.96(na) 0 |
0 46.88(11.32,95.17) |
|
| EDH n = 8 |
Isolated n = 1 Mixed n = 7 |
180.54(na) 19.42(6.26,95.17) |
0 15.43(6.26,25.12) |
0 19.42(na) |
180.54(na) 66.408(37.645,95.17) |
|
| SAH n = 12 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n = 12 |
0 27.035(11.71,97.09) |
0 23.825(11.71,43.84) |
0 0 |
0 56.09(15.68,97.09) |
|
| IPH n = 4 |
Isolated n =1 Mixed n = 3 |
7.65(na) 25.12(15.68,43.84) |
7.65(na) 34.48(25.12,43.84) |
0 0 |
0 15.68(na) |
|
| Cerebral edema n = 4 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n = 4 |
0 53.315(27.26,97.09) |
0 27.26(na) |
0 0 |
0 74.53(32.1,97.09) |
|
| Cerebral herniation n = 1 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n = 1 |
0 32.1 (na) |
0 0 |
0 0 |
0 32.1 (na) |
|
| Diffuse axonal injury n =1 |
isolated n=1 Mixed n = 0 |
20.71(na) 0 |
0 0 |
0 0 |
20.71(na) 0 |
|
| Skull fracture n = 15 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=15 |
0 22.02(6.26,95.17) |
0 22.53(6.26,37.935) |
0 20.72(19.42,22.02) |
0 46.8825(15.68,95.17) |
|
| Subgaleal hematoma n = 13 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=13 |
0 24.205(6.26,97.09) |
0 24.895(6.26,92.12) |
0 19.42(na) |
0 49.3675(11.32,97.09) |
|
| Pneumocephalus n = 7 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=7 |
0 19.42(6.26,74.53) |
0 16.08(6.26,31.47) |
0 20.72(19.42,22.02) |
0 45.105(15.68,74.53) |
|
| IVH n = 1 |
Isolated n = 0 Mixed n=1 |
0 11.32(na) |
0 0 |
0 0 |
0 11.32(na) |
|
Median (minimum – maximum) level calculated for each biomarker
Median (minimum – maximum) level calculated separately for isolated or mixed lesion on CT (na) indicates only one case included in analysis