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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2019 Oct 15;29(1):12–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.08.005

Table 2.

Characteristics at and in Relation to Pain Development.

Covariate Entire Cohort No.=169 No Surgery No.=121 Surgery No.=48 P – value*

Age at pain onset (yr), mean (SD) 64.4 (8.9) 65.9 (8.7) 60.6 (8.3) 0.0004

Time between study enrollment and pain onset (yr), median [IQR] 2.6 [2.9] 3.0 [2.9] 1.9 [2.8] 0.0002

Tear type at visit prior to pain onset, No. (%):
 Full-thickness 105 (62%) 79 (65%) 26 (54%) 0.13
 Partial-thickness 46 (27%) 27 (22%) 19 (40%)
 Control 18 (11%) 15 (12%) 3 (6%)

For full tears (No.=105) at visit prior to pain onset: tear width at visit prior to pain onset (mm), median [IQR] 13.0 [12.0]
missing: 3 massive
13.0 [9.5]
missing: 3 massive
11.0 [13.0] 0.52

For full tears (No.=105) at visit prior to pain onset: tear length at visit prior to pain onset (mm), median [IQR] 12.5 [10.0]
missing: 6 massive, 1 not measured
13.0 [10.0]
missing: 4 massive, 1 not measured
12.0 [11.0]
missing: 2 massive
0.51

Tear enlargement prior to pain development or within 2.25yr of pain development (or until surgery), No. (%) 85 (50%) 60 (50%) 25 (52%) 0.67

Tear enlargement related to pain onset, No. (%):
 No enlargement before or within 2.25yr of pain development 84 (50%) 61 (50%) 23 (48%) 0.51
 First enlargement before pain development 41 (24%) 31 (26%) 10 (21%)
 First enlargement precisely at pain development 20 (12%) 13 (11%) 7 (15%)
 First enlargement after and within 2.25yr of pain development (or until surgery) 24 (14%) 16 (13%) 8 (17%)

Cable disruption at or within 1.25yr after pain development (or until surgery), No. (%) 31 (23%)
missing 36
20 (21%)
missing 27
11 (28%)
missing 9
0.22

Muscle degeneration, sum of architecture and echogenicity (most severe of supraspinatus and infraspinatus) at or within 1.25yr after pain development (or until surgery), No. (%):
 0 (normal) 126 (75%) 90 (75%) 36 (77%) 0.85
 1 5 (3%) 5 (4%) 0 (0%)
 2 26 (16%) 16 (13%) 10 (21%)
 3 1 (1%) 1 (1%) 0 (0%)
 4 (severe) 9 (5%)
missing 2
8 (7%)
missing 1
1 (2%)
missing 1

Change in ASES between enrollment and worst ASES at or within 1.25yr after pain development (or until surgery), mean (SD) −37.5 (19.0) −32.7 (17.2) −49.7 (18.1) <0.0001

Change in pain numeric pain scale between enrollment and worst VAS at or within 1.25yr after pain development (or until surgery), mean (SD) +4.7 (2.3) +4.3 (2.2) +5.9 (2.0) 0.0001

Change in RAND-12 mental component score between enrollment and worst VAS at or within 1.25yr after pain development (or until surgery), mean (SD) −3.8 (10.0)
missing 21
−4.2 (9.8)
missing 9
−2.6 (10.6)
missing 12
0.06

Change in RAND-12 physical component score between enrollment and worst VAS at or within 1.25yr after pain development (or until surgery), mean (SD) −3.8 (9.6)
missing 21
−3.3 (9.5)
missing 9
−5.3 (9.6)
missing 12
0.15

No. = number of patients; yr = year; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range; ASES = American Shoulder Elbow Surgeons; VAS = visual analog scale.

*

P-value compares patients who did and did not undergo surgery by Cox proportional hazards regression.

Covariate was modelled as an unordered categorical variable.

Change is calculated by subtracting the value at enrollment from the value at follow-up.