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. 2012 Oct 17;2012(10):CD004398. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004398.pub3

Matowe 2002.

Methods Study design: ITS
Participants Physicians
Clinical speciality: radiology
Level of training: fully trained
Setting/country: general practice/UK
Interventions To evaluate the effect of postal dissemination of the third edition of the RCR guidelines on GP referral for radiography. The RCR guidelines were introduced to encourage appropriate use of diagnostic radiology and reduce the use of clinically unhelpful examinations. Between 1989 and 1998 4 editions of these guidelines were produced and a large number of copies distributed by mail to primary care. The current edition of the guideline includes 285 individual recommendations
Outcomes 1 process outcome: total number of x‐ray referrals
Notes  
Risk of bias
Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement
Intervention independent of other changes ‐ ITS Unclear risk No information was provided
Shape of Intervention effect pre‐specified ‐ ITS Low risk COMMENT: the authors specifically refer to reductions in x‐ray requests found by other studies and propose an ITS study of longer duration to improve the detection of the effect. They verified if other guidelines were disseminated independent of this study, and they also evaluated the effect of guidelines for 18 radiology examinations
Intervention unlikely to affect data collection ‐ ITS Low risk The intervention did not affect the data source (hospital radiology department records), and sources and methods of data collection were the same before and after the intervention
Blinding of outcome assessors (detection bias) ‐ ITS 
 All outcomes Low risk The outcome was objective
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) ‐ ITS 
 All outcomes Low risk Quote, pg. 576: "data were abstracted from the computerized administrative systems of two radiology departments serving over 90% of general practices in the region" 
COMMENT: missing data from GPs not using these radiology departments is not considered but it is not a high proportion (10%)
Selective reporting (reporting bias) ‐ ITS Low risk All relevant outcomes in the methods section were reported in the results section
Other bias ‐ ITS Low risk There was no evidence of other risks of bias