Table 3.
Odds ratios for being depression by metabolic syndrome and each of its components and SES (primarily education level and household income) in male and female
| Characteristics | Male | Female | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model1a | Model2b | Model3c | Model1a | Model2b | Model3c | |||||||
| OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | ||||||||||||
| < 90 (< 80 for women) | 1.00 | 0.75 | 1.00 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 0.43 | 1.00 | <.0001 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.004 |
| ≥ 90 (≥80 for women) | 1.08 (0.67–1.48) | 0.97 (0.57–1.67) | 0.78 (0.42–1.44) | 1.70 (1.36–2.14) | 1.46 (1.05–2.04) | 1.78 (1.20–2.63) | ||||||
| Triglyceride level (mg/dL) | ||||||||||||
| < 150 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.15 | 1.00 | 0.0004 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 1.00 | 0.16 |
| ≥ 150 | 1.66 (1.09–2.53) | 1.77 (1.13–2.76) | 1.45 (0.88–2.39) | 1.63 (1.24–2.13) | 1.30 (0.98–1.73) | 1.25 (0.91–1.70) | ||||||
| Blood pressurea | ||||||||||||
| Normal | 1.00 | 0.23 | 1.00 | 0.24 | 1.00 | 0.32 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 1.00 | 0.76 |
| Abnormal | 0.76 (0.48–1.20) | 0.76 (0.48–1.21) | 0.77 (0.46–1.29) | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 0.89 (0.65–1.22) | 0.95 (0.68–1.32) | ||||||
| HDL cholesterol level (mg/dL) | ||||||||||||
| ≥ 40 (≥50 for women) | 1.00 | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.09 | 1.00 | 0.0002 | 1.00 | 0.002 | 1.00 | 0.001 |
| < 40 (< 50 for women) | 1.53 (1.00–2.35) | 1.34 (0.84–2.16) | 1.59 (0.94–2.68) | 1.52 (1.22–1.90) | 1.47 (1.16–1.86) | 1.57 (1.20–2.04) | ||||||
| FBS (mg/dL) | ||||||||||||
| < 100 | 1.00 | 0.27 | 1.00 | 0.33 | 1.00 | 0.13 | 1.00 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.27 | 1.00 | 0.43 |
| ≥ 100 | 1.29 (0.82–2.04) | 1.29 (0.78–2.12) | 1.50 (0.89–2.53) | 1.39 (1.06–1.83) | 1.18 (0.88–1.57) | 1.14 (0.83–1.57) | ||||||
| Metabolic syndrome | ||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | 0.08 | 1.00 | 0.11 | 1.00 | 0.10 | 1.00 | <.0001 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 1.00 | 0.01 |
| Yes | 1.51 (0.95–2.38) | 1.49 (0.92–2.42) | 1.58 (0.92–2.71) | 1.76 (1.35–2.29) | 1.40 (1.04–1.87) | 1.55 (1.13–2.13) | ||||||
| Education level | ||||||||||||
| College or more | 1.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | <.0001 | 1.00 | <.0001 | 1.00 | <.0001 | 1.00 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.06 |
| High school | 2.50 (1.32–4.92) | 2.18 (1.14–4.16) | 2.17 (1.08–4.36) | 1.91 (1.42–2.57) | 1.55 (1.14–2.09) | 1.36 (0.98–1.89) | ||||||
| Middle schools | 6.94 (3.26–14.77) | 4.75 (2.29–9.84) | 7.36 (3.33–16.30) | 3.17 (2.02–4.98) | 2.08 (1.30–3.34) | 1.90 (1.15–3.14) | ||||||
| Elementary school or less | 16.80 (8.12–34.79) | 10.94 (5.24–22.85) | 10.78 (4.73–24.61) | 4.07 (2.63–6.30) | 2.26 (1.41–3.60) | 1.93 (1.15–3.24) | ||||||
| House income | ||||||||||||
| High | 1.00 | <.0001 | 1.00 | <.0001 | 1.000 | <.0001 | 1.00 | <.0001 | 1.00 | <.0001 | 1.00 | <.0001 |
| Middle | 1.45 (0.85–2.46) | 0.98 (0.56–1.71) | 0.914 (0.49–1.71) | 1.83 (1.39–2.41) | 1.47 (1.10–1.95) | 1.71 (1.24–2.35) | ||||||
| Low | 7.07 (4.01–12.46) | 2.82 (1.57–5.06) | 2.793 (1.46–5.34) | 3.75 (2.66–5.28) | 2.25 (1.56–3.26) | 2.651 (1.72–4.10) | ||||||
aModel1: adjusted for age
bModel2: adjusted for age, education level, income, marital status, moderate physical activity more than, smoking status, alcohol consumption, prevalence of chronic diseases
cModel3: adjusted for age, education level, income, marital status, moderate physical activity more than, smoking status, alcohol consumption, prevalence of chronic diseases, history of depression