Table 3.
Studies Reporting Nausea and Vomiting.
| Title and citation | Sample | Nausea and vomiting measures | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Systematic reviews (n = 1) | |||
| Acute chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in children with cancer: Still waiting for a common consensus on treatment (Ruggiero et al., 2018) | Not specified | A system is needed that includes both emetogenic level of chemotherapy regimen and child’s clinical characteristics. CINV continues to be distressing and is only partially controlled. | |
| Studies of incidence/prevalence of symptom (n = 6) | |||
| Symptoms and symptom clusters identified by adolescents and young adults with cancer using a symptom heuristics app (Ameringer, Erickson, Macpherson, Stegenga, & Linder, 2015) | 72 AYAs ages 13 to 29 years, measured within 96 hours of receiving chemotherapy | C-SCAT with 30 symptoms from MSAS | Nausea was most frequent symptom with 65.3% of AYAs reporting it. |
| Nausea and vomiting in children and adolescents receiving intrathecal methotrexate: A prospective, observational study (Flank et al., 2017) | 70 children ages 4 to 18 with ALL receiving IT MTX during second or later cycle of ALL maintenance | PeNAT, Number of vomiting, retching episodes | Among the participants, 51% had complete CINV control, 17% severe nausea, 51% complete nausea control, and 96% complete vomiting control. |
| Predictors of antiemetic alteration in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (Freedman et al., 2014) | 1,686 patients with AML < 18 years of age in the Pediatric Health Information System | Antiemetic alteration in medical record | An increasing age was associated with an increased risk of needing an antiemetic switch and antiemetic rescue. |
| Nausea, pain, fatigue, and multiple symptoms in hospitalized children with cancer (Miller et al., 2011) | 39 children ages 10 to 17 years receiving inpatient chemotherapy | MSAS 10-18 | Nausea was the most prevalent symptom in more than 50% of children. It was also rated the highest in severity and how bothersome it was. |
| Nausea and vomiting perspectives among children receiving moderate to highly emetogenic chemotherapy treatment (Rodgers, Kollar, et al., 2012) | 40 children ages 7 to 12 years receiving MEC or HEC | Adapted Rhodes Index of N & V for Pediatrics | Among children, 25% to 42% reported acute nausea and vomiting. Nurses underestimated delayed N & V. |
| Poor chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting control in children receiving intermediate or high-dose methotrexate (Vol et al., 2016) | 30 children ages 7 to15 years receiving intermediate or high dose MTX for ALL or osteosarcoma | PeNAT, Number of vomiting, retching episodes | Uncontrolled nausea and vomiting was present in 60% of children receiving intermediate dose MTX and 30% of those receiving high-dose MTX. |
| Study of correlations of symptom (n = 1) | |||
| An evaluation of the factors that affect the health-related quality of life of children following myelosuppressive chemotherapy (Baggott et al., 2011) | 61 children ages 10 to 18 years receiving myelosuppresive chemotherapy | MSAS 10-18; PedsQL Cancer | In the week after chemotherapy, higher levels of nausea were associated with longer hospitalization, and number and severity of other symptoms. |
| Studies of the trajectory of symptom (n = 5) | |||
| A pilot exploration of symptom trajectories in adolescents with cancer during chemotherapy (Ameringer et al., 2013) | 9 adolescents 13 to 18 years with cancer, measured on Day 1 and Day 2 of a chemotherapy cycle, 1 week later, and Day 1 of next cycle | 100 mm VAS for nausea | Anticipatory anxiety was associated with higher ratings of nausea. Nausea changed significantly with the highest score on Day 2 and the lowest on Day 1 of the next cycle. |
| Anxiety, pain, and nausea during the treatment of standard-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A prospective, longitudinal study from the Children’s Oncology Group (Dupuis et al., 2016) | 160 children ages 2 to 9 years in treatment for standard risk ALL | PedsQL Cancer | In standard risk ALL treatment, an older age and more intensive treatment was associated with a higher risk of nausea. Nausea increased from consolidation to beginning of maintenance. |
| Parents’ perceptions of their child’s symptom burden during and after cancer treatment (Hedén et al., 2013) | 160 parents of 89 children ages infant to 17 years undergoing chemotherapy for cancer measured 6 times over treatment course | Parent proxy of MSAS 10-18 | Prevalence of parent report of nausea and vomiting decreased over treatment with occurrence of nausea 1 week from diagnosis at 68%, 2 months at 52%, and 4 months at 44%. Vomiting decreased from an occurrence at 1 week from diagnosis: 60%, 2 months at 34%, and 4 months at 30%. |
| Symptom trajectories in children receiving treatment for leukemia: A latent class growth analysis with multi-trajectory modeling (Hockenberry et al., 2017) | 236 children ages 3 to 18 years with ALL measured during the first 18 months of treatment | VAS | Children with moderate levels of nausea had an increase from end of induction to delayed intensification |
| Children’s coping strategies for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (Rodgers, Norville, et al., 2012) | 40 children ages 7 to 12 years receiving moderately or highly emetic chemotherapy measured before, within 24 hours of starting, and 1 to 7 days after chemotherapy | Adapted Rhodes Index of N & V for Pediatrics | Nausea and vomiting significantly changed during the chemotherapy cycle and was the highest in delayed time period. Coping strategies remained consistent with the more frequent strategies including wishful thinking, distraction, emotional regulation, and problem solving. |
Note. ALL = acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML = acute myeloid leukemia; AYA = adolescents and young adults; C-SCAT = Computerized Symptom Capture Tool; CINV = chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; HEC = highly emetogenic chemotherapy; IT = intrathecal; MEC = moderate emetogenic chemotherapy; MSAS 10-18 = Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale 10- to 18-year-olds; MTX = methotrexate; N = nausea; PeNAT = Pediatric Nausea Assessment tool; PedsQL-Cancer = Pediatric Quality of Life Cancer Module; V = vomiting; VAS = Visual Analog Scale.