Table 3.

Summary of the clinical effects on the cardiovascular system following DBS implantation

Study	Target	Patient Number	Comparison Group	Investigation Methods	Length of F‐U	Clinical Effects
Williams et al8	STN	1	None	Holter monitoring, formal tilt table‐assessment.	None	Case report of orthostatic hypotension and first‐degree heart block following stimulation
Aygun et al9	STN	1	None	Patient symptoms.	None	Case report of syncopal episodes associated with stimulation
Rukmini Mridula et al36	STN	56	53 age and duration of illness matched PD patients on dopaminergic therapy	NMS Questionnaire	None	Lower frequency of orthostatic hypotension compared with levodopa treatment
Dafsari et al41	STN	60		Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale, NMS Questionnaire	6 months
Ludwig et al56	STN	14	15 non stimulated PD patients	Noninvasive laser Doppler flowmetry/computer‐assisted equipment	None	Cutaneous vasoconstriction reported. Development of orthostatic hypotension in 8 of 14 patients in the study
Holmberg et al57	STN	11	8 PD patients on dopaminergic therapy 10 matched healthy subjects	Noninvasive finger blood pressure, autonomic sphygmomanometry, tilt test, electrocardiogram.	1 year	Reduction of heart rate and blood pressure after 1 year
Sanchez‐Ferro et al61	STN		None		None	Hypertensive crisis observed with medial lead placement (unpublished data, authors experience)
Kenney et al63	STN	182	None	Retrospectively assessed	None	Vasovagal response (2.5% of patients) and syncope (1.2% of patients)
Kataoka et al65	STN	1	None	Fiber‐optic examination of the larinx	None	Case report of a patient developing a fixed, rigid epiglottis associated with stimulation

DBS, deep brain stimulation; F‐U, follow‐up; STN, subthalamic nucleus; PD, Parkinson's disease; NMS, non‐motor symptoms.