Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the PUC cohort, by cognitive diagnosis.
| PD-NCI (n = 106) |
PD-MCI (n = 280) |
PDD (n = 84) |
Overall p-value⁎ | Pairwisea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 63.6 (8.4) | 67.8 (8.7) | 71.2 (10.5) | <0.0001 | PD-NCI < PD-MCI < PDD |
| Range | 43.0–83.9 | 41.2–90.1 | 35.1–91.6 | ||
| Education, years | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 16.2 (2.6) | 15.8 (2.5) | 15.3 (2.7) | <0.02 | PD-NCI > PDD |
| Range | 12–20 | 8–20 | 8–20 | ||
| Sex | |||||
| n (%) male | 49 (46.2) | 201 (71.8) | 76 (90.5) | <0.001 | PD-NCI < PD-MCI < PDD |
| Disease duration, years | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 7.7 (5.2) | 7.9 (5.7) | 10.4 (6.9) | 0.001 | PD-NCI < PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| Range | 0–26 | 0–25 | 0–29 | ||
| LEDD, mg/d | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 553.5 (500.3) | 619.0 (522.5) | 695.1 (502.9) | 0.170 | |
| Range | 0–2792 | 0–3375 | 0–3058 | ||
| Geriatric Depression Scale | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 5.6 (1.3) | 5.8 (1.7) | 6.5 (1.8) | 0.0003 | PD-NCI < PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| Range | 3–10 | 2–13 | 4–11 | ||
| MDS-UPDRS-III | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 21.5 (10.5) | 26.4 (11.8) | 35.1 (13.3) | <0.0001 | PD-NCI < PD-MCI < PDD |
| Range | 3–56 | 0–66 | 5–68 | ||
| Modified Hoehn & Yahr | |||||
| Median | 2 | 2 | 2.5 | 0.0001 | PD-NCI < PDMCI < PDD |
| Range | 1–4 | 1–5 | 1.5–5 | ||
| APOE ε4 allele | |||||
| n (%) | 21 (20.0) | 62 (22.7) | 16 (19.8) | 0.771 | |
| GBA variant | |||||
| n (%) | 9 (8.5) | 24 (8.7) | 15 (18.1) | 0.037 | PD-NCI < PDD, PD-MCI < PDD |
| MoCA | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 27.4 (2.0) | 24.7 (2.4) | 19.5 (4.3) | 0.0001 | PD-NCI > PD-MCI > PDD |
| Range | 22–30 | 17–30 | 7–29 | ||
| DRS-2 | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 139.9 (2.9) | 136.6 (5.5) | 123.5 (14.3) | 0.0001 | PD-NCI > PD-MCI > PDD |
| Range | 131–144 | 103–144 | 59–141 | ||
| MMSE | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 28.9 (1.2) | 28.1 (1.6) | 24.9 (3.6) | 0.0001 | PD-NCI > PD-MCI > PDD |
| Range | 25–30 | 22–30 | 6–30 |
Abbrev: APOE, apolipoprotein; DRS-2, Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2; GBA, glucocerebrosidase gene; LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; MDS-UPDRS, Movement Disorders Society- sponsored Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale revision; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; PDD, Parkinson's disease dementia; PD-MCI, Parkinson's disease-mild cognitive impairment; PD-NCI, Parkinson's disease-not cognitively impaired; PUC, Pacific Udall Center; SD, standard deviation.
Groups compared using one-way ANOVA for continuous variables (age, education, disease duration, LEDD, Geriatric Depression Scale, MDS-UPDRS, MMSE, MoCA, DRS-2), chi-square for categorical variables (sex), and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance for ordinal data (Modified Hoehn and Yahr).
Post-hoc testing: Scheffe (age, education, disease duration, MDS-UPDRS, MMSE, MoCA, DRS-2), Dunn's test (Modified Hoehn & Yahr), and Bonferroni (sex, APOE, GBA).