Preterm birth (overall) odds ratio (95% confidence interval) associated with tertiles of geometric average exposureab Models were adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, pre-pregnancy BMI, and exposure to secondhand smoking.
a Referent levels were set at tertile 2 for essential metals (Cu, Mn, Zn).
b Referent levels were set at tertile 1 for non-essential metals (Hg, Pb), and environmental risk score (ERS). Δ Individual metals that were selected from elastic net models to compose ERS.