TABLE 1.

 Serum metabolites presenting a significant postprandial response, or a significant change in 24 h fasting serum after the ingestion of milk, cheese, or soy in healthy adults¹

	Significant postprandial response2		Significant change in 24-h fasting serum3
	Serum metabolites, n	% of total	Serum metabolites, n	% of total
After ≥1 food	1639	54.9	430	14.4
Including milk	901	30.2	184	6.2
Including cheese	1005	33.6	155	5.2
Including soy	736	24.6	220	7.4
After 1 food only	973	32.6	333	11.1
Milk only	382	12.8	102	3.4
Cheese only	426	14.3	96	3.2
Soy only	165	5.5	135	4.5
After ≥2 foods	666	22.3	98	3.3
Milk and cheese	432	14.5	43	1.4
Milk and soy	424	14.2	69	2.3
Cheese and soy	484	16.2	46	1.5
After 2 foods only	329	11.0	68	2.3
Milk and cheese only	95	3.2	13	0.4
Milk and soy only	87	2.9	39	1.3
Cheese and soy only	147	4.9	16	0.5
After all 3 foods	337	11.3	30	1.0

¹ n  = 10 subjects. Serum metabolome measured by LC-MS untargeted metabolomics, 2988 unique metabolites detected.

²Postprandial time effect evaluated by nonparametric longitudinal data analysis (P < 0.05 as the significance threshold).

³Change in fasting serum evaluated by paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test (P < 0.05 as the significance threshold).