TABLE 3.
Female dietary phytoestrogen intake and fecundability among pregnancy planners in the PRESTO and SF cohorts1
| PRESTO (n = 4880) | SF (n = 2898) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure,2 µg/d | Cycles, n | Pregnancies, n | Crude FR3 (95% CI) | Adjusted FR4 (95% CI) | Exposure,2 µg/d | Cycles, n | Pregnancies, n | Crude FR3 (95% CI) | Adjusted FR4 (95% CI) |
| Total isoflavones | |||||||||
| <705 | 5290 | 695 | Ref | Ref | <302 | 2821 | 442 | Ref | Ref |
| 705–1061 | 4993 | 773 | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 302–483 | 2651 | 521 | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) |
| 1062–1786 | 4841 | 807 | 1.19 (1.08–1.31) | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | 484–790 | 2507 | 494 | 1.22 (1.09–1.37) | 1.13 (1.00–1.28) |
| 1787–3084 | 2890 | 484 | 1.17 (1.06–1.30) | 1.06 (0.95–1.19) | 791–2100 | 1605 | 281 | 1.10 (0.96–1.26) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) |
| ≥3085 | 1885 | 318 | 1.19 (1.06–1.35) | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | ≥2101 | 1089 | 174 | 1.04 (0.88–1.21) | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) |
| Daidzein | |||||||||
| <272 | 5200 | 723 | Ref | Ref | <101 | 2756 | 466 | Ref | Ref |
| 272–462 | 5014 | 749 | 1.04 (0.95–1.14) | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) | 101–234 | 2638 | 482 | 1.07 (0.96–1.20) | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) |
| 463–781 | 4937 | 804 | 1.11 (1.02–1.22) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | 235–433 | 2629 | 506 | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) |
| 782–1265 | 2881 | 482 | 1.13 (1.01–1.25) | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 434–914 | 1569 | 279 | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 0.98 (0.85–1.13) |
| ≥1265 | 1867 | 319 | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | 1.03 (0.90–1.17) | ≥915 | 1081 | 179 | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) |
| Genistein | |||||||||
| <270 | 5167 | 706 | Ref | Ref | <51 | 2609 | 462 | Ref | Ref |
| 270–436 | 5022 | 766 | 1.07 (0.97–1.17) | 1.00 (0.91–1.10) | 51–100 | 2755 | 484 | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) |
| 437–841 | 4918 | 797 | 1.13 (1.03–1.23) | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | 101–246 | 2623 | 502 | 1.08 (0.96–1.20) | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) |
| 842–1582 | 2929 | 488 | 1.14 (1.02–1.26) | 1.01 (0.90–1.12) | 247–1050 | 1597 | 291 | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) |
| ≥1582 | 1863 | 320 | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | ≥1051 | 1089 | 173 | 0.93 (0.79–1.08) | 0.86 (0.72–1.02) |
| Glycitein | |||||||||
| <27 | 5107 | 724 | Ref | Ref | <4 | 2799 | 493 | Ref | Ref |
| 27–49 | 5047 | 732 | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 0.93 (0.84–1.02) | 4–7 | 2644 | 488 | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) |
| 50–111 | 5019 | 816 | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 8–13 | 2700 | 486 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) |
| 112–226 | 2865 | 486 | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 1.00 (0.89–1.11) | 14–22 | 1475 | 271 | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | 0.93 (0.80–1.07) |
| ≥227 | 1861 | 319 | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | ≥23 | 1055 | 174 | 0.94 (0.81–1.10) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) |
| Biochanin-A | |||||||||
| <26 | 4856 | 718 | Ref | Ref | <61 | 2711 | 492 | Ref | Ref |
| 26–53 | 5095 | 792 | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 61–87 | 2738 | 462 | 0.95 (0.85–1.06) | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) |
| 54–97 | 5010 | 797 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 0.99 (0.90–1.09) | 88–133 | 2594 | 490 | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) |
| 98–172 | 2888 | 474 | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 134–206 | 1572 | 287 | 1.00 (0.87–1.13) | 0.95 (0.83–1.08) |
| ≥173 | 2050 | 296 | 0.97 (0.86–1.10) | 0.95 (0.84–1.07) | ≥207 | 1058 | 181 | 0.95 (0.81–1.10) | 0.87 (0.75–1.02) |
| Formononetin | |||||||||
| <9.8 | 4654 | 694 | Ref | Ref | <2.4 | 2600 | 479 | Ref | Ref |
| 9.8–10.0 | 4794 | 734 | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 2.4–4.5 | 2570 | 475 | 1.01 (0.90–1.13) | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) |
| 10.0–10.4 | 5271 | 821 | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 4.6–10.3 | 2707 | 478 | 0.97 (0.86–1.08) | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) |
| 10.5–11.0 | 3037 | 476 | 1.04 (0.87–1.23) | 0.99 (0.84–1.18) | 10.4–25.7 | 1712 | 293 | 0.94 (0.83–1.08) | 0.87 (0.76–1.00) |
| ≥11.1 | 2143 | 352 | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | ≥25.8 | 1084 | 187 | 0.95 (0.82–1.11) | 0.87 (0.74–1.02) |
| Total lignans | |||||||||
| <88 | 5157 | 710 | Ref | Ref | <338 | 2786 | 458 | Ref | Ref |
| 88–123 | 4929 | 769 | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 338–430 | 2601 | 492 | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) |
| 124–167 | 4966 | 812 | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) | 0.95 (0.86–1.06) | 431–548 | 2644 | 472 | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) | 1.04 (0.92–1.17) |
| 168–209 | 2796 | 477 | 1.19 (1.07–1.32) | 0.97 (0.85–1.09) | 549–686 | 1573 | 299 | 1.15 (1.01–1.31) | 1.10 (0.96–1.26) |
| ≥210 | 2051 | 309 | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 0.83 (0.72–0.97) | ≥687 | 1069 | 191 | 1.06 (0.91–1.23) | 1.03 (0.88–1.21) |
| Matairesinol | |||||||||
| <2.1 | 5441 | 718 | Ref | Ref | <17 | 2697 | 473 | Ref | Ref |
| 2.1–3.0 | 4779 | 760 | 1.17 (1.06–1.28) | 1.09 (0.99–1.20) | 17–25 | 2626 | 485 | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) |
| 3.1–4.2 | 4795 | 774 | 1.17 (1.07–1.29) | 1.04 (0.94–1.15) | 26–40 | 2667 | 462 | 1.03 (0.92–1.16) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) |
| 4.3–5.8 | 2961 | 499 | 1.23 (1.11–1.37) | 1.06 (0.94–1.19) | 41–56 | 1591 | 283 | 1.03 (0.90–1.18) | 0.99 (0.87–1.14) |
| ≥5.9 | 1923 | 326 | 1.22 (1.09–1.38) | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) | ≥57 | 1092 | 209 | 1.11 (0.96–1.28) | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) |
| Lariciresinol | |||||||||
| <28.4 | 5206 | 679 | Ref | Ref | <23 | 2812 | 435 | Ref | Ref |
| 29.4–40.4 | 5097 | 760 | 1.10 (1.00–1.21) | 1.00 (0.90–1.10) | 23–34 | 2786 | 512 | 1.15 (1.03–1.30) | 1.10 (0.97–1.25) |
| 40.5–55.4 | 4661 | 840 | 1.29 (1.17–1.41) | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) | 35–48 | 2586 | 480 | 1.17 (1.04–1.32) | 1.10 (0.95–1.26) |
| 55.5–71.0 | 2931 | 486 | 1.21 (1.08–1.34) | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 49–63 | 1349 | 283 | 1.29 (1.13–1.47) | 1.19 (1.02–1.39) |
| ≥71.1 | 2004 | 312 | 1.16 (1.02–1.31) | 0.95 (0.82–1.09) | ≥64 | 1140 | 202 | 1.13 (0.97–1.31) | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) |
| Pinoresinol | |||||||||
| <10.3 | 5053 | 720 | Ref | Ref | <18 | 2774 | 432 | Ref | Ref |
| 10.3–17.0 | 4910 | 773 | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 18–28 | 2857 | 509 | 1.11 (0.99–1.25) | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) |
| 17.1–27.6 | 4957 | 805 | 1.11 (1.01–1.22) | 0.99 (0.89–1.09) | 29–41 | 2419 | 470 | 1.20 (1.07–1.35) | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) |
| 27.7–45.9 | 2935 | 471 | 1.11 (1.00–1.23) | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 42–59 | 1563 | 292 | 1.18 (1.03–1.34) | 1.06 (0.91–1.24) |
| ≥46.0 | 2044 | 308 | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 0.85 (0.72–1.00) | ≥60 | 1060 | 209 | 1.22 (1.06–1.42) | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) |
| Secoisolariciresinol | |||||||||
| <37.6 | 5084 | 708 | Ref | Ref | <244 | 2671 | 456 | Ref | Ref |
| 37.7–56.8 | 4906 | 796 | 1.13 (1.03–1.24) | 1.01 (0.91–1.11) | 245–322 | 2641 | 488 | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) |
| 56.9–81.0 | 5057 | 774 | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | 0.90 (0.81–1.00) | 323–440 | 2724 | 484 | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) | 1.01 (0.90–1.14) |
| 81.1–104.6 | 2799 | 490 | 1.19 (1.07–1.32) | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 441–574 | 1554 | 291 | 1.09 (0.96–1.25) | 1.07 (0.94–1.23) |
| ≥104.7 | 2053 | 309 | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | ≥575 | 1083 | 193 | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) |
| Coumestrol | |||||||||
| <16 | 4819 | 774 | Ref | Ref | <17 | 2426 | 447 | Ref | Ref |
| 16–32 | 4989 | 775 | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 17–31 | 2834 | 492 | 0.95 (0.84–1.06) | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) |
| 33–72 | 5064 | 752 | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.94 (0.86–1.04) | 32–66 | 2854 | 482 | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.92 (0.81–1.03) |
| 73–156 | 3054 | 451 | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) | 0.94 (0.85–1.05) | 67–137 | 1500 | 289 | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) | 0.99 (0.86–1.13) |
| ≥157 | 1973 | 325 | 1.03 (0.91–1.16) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | ≥138 | 1059 | 202 | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | 1.00 (0.85–1.17) |
1
FR, fecundability ratio; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; NRD, nutrient rich density; PRESTO, Pregnancy Study Online; Ref, reference; SF, Snart Foraeldre.
2
Exposure categories are delineated by the <25th, 25–50th, 50–75th, 75–90th, and ≥90th percentiles.
3
Adjusted for total energy intake.
4
Adjusted for total energy intake, age, race/ethnicity (PRESTO), income, education, BMI, smoking, sugar-sweetened soda intake, multivitamin/folic acid use, intercourse frequency, doing something to improve chances of conception, HEI score (PRESTO), and NRD score (SF). Models are also mutually adjusted for other classes of phytoestrogens (i.e., daidzein models are adjusted for total lignans and coumestrol).