Table 1:
Cohort characteristics
| Variablea | Overall cohort (N = 8,296) | Early-period weight changeb | P valuec | Mid-period weight changeb | P valuec | Late-period weight changeb | P valuec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visit 1 BMI (kg/m2) | 26.1 ± 6.1 | 0.19d | < 0.001 | −0.16d | < 0.001 | −0.07d | < 0.001 |
| Age (years) | 27.2 ± 5.6 | 0.10d | < 0.001 | 0.15d | < 0.001 | −0.10d | < 0.001 |
| Race/ethnicity: | 0.05 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Non – Hispanic white | 5,260 (63.4) | 4.6 ± 6.2 | 5.6 ± 4.7 | 10.9 ± 5.6 | |||
| Non – Hispanic black | 1,042 (12.6) | 3.9 ± 9.7 | 4.9 ± 5.7 | 9.5 ± 6.6 | |||
| Hispanic | 1,247 (15.0) | 4.4 ± 8.3 | 5.2 ± 4.9 | 10.0 ± 5.8 | |||
| Asian | 335 (4.0) | 4.7 ± 5.4 | 5.7 ± 4.2 | 9.6 ± 4.8 | |||
| Other race | 413 (5.0) | 4.2 ± 8.4 | 5.3 ± 5.2 | 10.7 ± 6.1 | |||
| Education: | 0.02 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Less than high school | 592 (7.1) | 3.6 ± 9.7 | 4.4 ± 4.9 | 10.7 ± 6.4 | |||
| High school grad | 898 (10.8) | 4.3 ± 9.4 | 5.1 ± 5.6 | 11.0 ± 6.3 | |||
| Some college | 1,564 (18.9) | 4.4 ± 8.1 | 4.8 ± 5.2 | 10.7 ± 6.3 | |||
| Associate/technical degree | 847 (10.2) | 4.4 ± 7.4 | 5.1 ± 4.9 | 10.9 ± 6.0 | |||
| College graduate | 2,397 (28.9) | 4.6 ± 6.0 | 5.7 ± 4.6 | 10.4 ± 5.5 | |||
| Education beyond college | 1,998 (24.1) | 4.7 ± 5.3 | 6.2 ± 4.4 | 10.0 ± 5.1 | |||
| Insurance status: | 0.54 | < 0.001 | 0.31 | ||||
| Public | 2,134 (26.6) | 4.4 ± 9.4 | 5.0 ± 5.4 | 10.6 ± 6.4 | |||
| Other (including military) | 143 (1.8) | 4.1 ± 6.7 | 5.3 ± 5.0 | 10.4 ± 5.4 | |||
| Private | 5,742 (71.6) | 4.5 ± 6.2 | 5.6 ± 4.7 | 10.4 ± 5.5 | |||
| Gravidity: | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | ||||
| One | 6,242 (75.2) | 4.3 ± 7.1 | 5.4 ± 4.9 | 10.6 ± 5.8 | |||
| Two | 1,553 (18.7) | 4.7 ± 7.2 | 5.5 ± 4.9 | 10.4 ± 5.9 | |||
| Three or more | 501 (6.0) | 5.3 ± 7.6 | 6.0 ± 4.8 | 9.9 ± 5.7 | |||
| Smoked within 3 months of pregnancy: | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.002 | ||||
| Smoked | 1,439 (17.4) | 5.4 ± 8.7 | 6.0 ± 5.4 | 10.9 ± 6.3 | |||
| Did not smoke | 6,854 (82.7) | 4.3 ± 6.8 | 5.3 ± 4.8 | 10.4 ± 5.7 | |||
| Diabetes: | < 0.001 | 0.02 | < 0.001 | ||||
| None | 7,832 (94.4) | 4.4 ± 7.1 | 5.5 ± 4.9 | 10.6 ± 5.8 | |||
| Pre-existing | 119 (1.4) | 5.8 ± 9.0 | 4.2 ± 5.1 | 8.6 ± 6.4 | |||
| Gestational | 345 (4.2) | 5.9 ± 8.6 | 5.4 ± 5.1 | 9.3 ± 5.8 |
a
Data presented mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables, N(%) for categorical variables
b
Data presented as Spearman’s correlation coefficient between weight change for continuous variables, weight change mean ± standard deviation for categorical variables
c
P value for Spearman’s correlation coefficient for continuous variables, one-way ANOVA for categorical variables.
d
Spearman’s correlation coefficient