Table 1.

Strategies for loading cargos and targeted ligands in EVs

Loading stages	No.	Method	Cargo	Ref.
Source cells	1	Condition induction	Membrane ligands	[33, 82]
	2	Transfection	Membrane ligand, siRNA	[8, 83]
	3	Donor cell metabolism	Link molecule, siRNA	[84, 85]
EVs	1	Electroporation	DNA, siRNA, chemical	[86–88]
	2	Sonication	Chemical, siRNA	[89, 90]
	3	Incubation	Chemical	[91]
	4	Freeze and thaw cycles	Enzyme	[92]
	5	Saponin treatment	Chemical	[88]
	6	Extrusion	Chemical	[88]
	7	Fusion	Macromolecule, chemical	[73]
	8	Lyophilization	Chemical	[88]
	9	Chemical conjugation	Link molecule, antibody, enzyme, diagnostic agent	[84]
	10	Dialysis	Chemical	[88]
	11	Remote loading	Chemical	[16, 93, 94]